Augustus Caesar and his rise to power Essay Example

Augustus Caesar and his rise to power Essay Augustus Caesars rise to power and transformation of the Roman Republic into the great Empire was able to happen because of his great ability to gain support from his military soldiers, the senate, and the people. His relationship with each varied, but ultimately lead to him becoming known as the creator of the Roman Empire. Through the gaining of well timed support from the senate, and retaining popularity with his army and the people he was able to gain the political power needed in order to give Rome the opportunity of changing into the Empire it came to be. Augustuss mass approval from the senate was the main reason how he gained enough power to take Rome to the next level and fully solidify it as a world power and one of the greatest Empires in world history. Augustuss speeches to the senate, was one of the ways in which he gained the respect as a leader. Having attained my highest hopes, members of the senate, what more have I to ask of the immortal gods that I may retain the same unanimous approval of yours to the very end of my life (page 53, DWP). He was also quite modest in receiving titles and accolades from the senate and by the people. By refusing titles early in his political career, he was perceived to be honest and his intentions to be in the best interest of the Republic and not his own power. However when he did accept the titles given to him and once he saw his power growing, this is when Augustus began to change Rome from the Republic it had been, and into the Empire it is most notably remembered for. The senate remained intact and still acted as it did during the past, but unless it gained the approval of Caesar, actions by the senate did not take place. And if someone was elected but was not seen fit to hold the position in the eyes of Caesar than that person would not hold office.yet he took care that no persons should hold office who were unfit or elected as the r

Peruse and Some Alternatives

Peruse and Some Alternatives Peruse and Some Alternatives Peruse and Some Alternatives By Maeve Maddox A reader asked me about the use of the transitive verb peruse: I have a question please. On the National Geographic Facebook page, they wrote Today marks the third Earth-year since NASAs Curiosity rover made its nail-biting descent through Mars thin atmosphere, successfully landing on its dusty surface- and plans for the next mission are in the works. Peruse through this gallery to see stellar snapshots of Curiositys journey to the red planet. Is it supposed to have the through  or should it be peruse only? I promptly answered: â€Å"You are correct. The verb peruse is transitive. It takes an object. The through is redundant.† When I checked the Ngram Viewer to satisfy myself that â€Å"peruse through† would not come up, I was surprised to see that it does register, although barely. I stand by my initial response, that peruse takes an object and is not followed by a preposition. One might â€Å"pore over a book† but one â€Å"peruses a book.† Some controversy exists regarding the meaning of peruse. I’d always understood it to mean, read carefully,† but in researching this post I’ve discovered that it can also mean look over briefly or superficially.† The latter sense is present in the example from the National Geographic website, in which peruse means â€Å"to browse.† Peruse in the sense of â€Å"to examine† entered English from Anglo-Norman French, peruser, in the sense of examining a witness. Peruser does not survive in modern French. English peruse translates into French as â€Å"lire attentivement,† literally, â€Å"to read attentively.† Although still in general use, peruse tends to sound old-fashioned, pompous, or jocular. I dont agree with language critics who insist that peruse must be used only in the sense of â€Å"read carefully† and never to mean â€Å"to read superficially,† but I do suggest that English has plenty of options for either meaning. If you are looking for a word or expression that conveys the idea of careful reading or examination, you may choose from these: read carefully study scrutinize inspect examine pore over wade through On the other hand, if you want to express the idea of superficial reading, you may choose from these options: look through browse leaf through scan run one’s eye over glance through skim thumb through As for peruse, apparently you may use it to convey either idea. Whichever meaning you attach to it, however, don’t follow it with a prepositional phrase. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

The Struggle for Democracy and Democratic Consolidation Essay

The Struggle for Democracy and Democratic Consolidation - Essay Example The essay "The Struggle for Democracy and Democratic Consolidation" analyzes the struggle for democracy and democratic consolidation and their connection to such themes as corruption, populism, divided societies, and political activism. Society makes a shift to equality, and from there, policies will be yielded by one-person-one-vote and the nation will have more supporting power and the consequential cover, crown, and feast. However, changes in political institutions do not simply happen because the people require them. Transitions to democracy typically take place when the elite controlling the active regime broaden rights. Transfer of political power to the majority mostly guides to social choices that the elite does not like. The theory of democratization is crucial in power transition from the elite to the majority citizens. Revolutions attract citizens thus leading to democracy to stop revolutions from occurring. When revolutions happen much wealth of a society may be destroyed affecting the influential and citizens. These costs force the elite to allow for concession and democratization avoiding revolutions. The power is transferred to the people who participate in decision making through participation. Divided societies exist in a democracy and democratic consolidation is due to the different social classes. Leaders use the fact of classes to appeal to the citizen. Governing institutions for societies are alienated along the lines of customs, culture, language or creed. A historic minority as well as experiences of immigration waves cause divided societies. Futile democratic transitions in plural societies frequently upshot in the bloodiest quarrels and most destructive power strives in developing nations6 today. India has a multiparty parliamentary system of government, a majoritarian first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system, an incredibly varied party system with some ethnic-based and some programmatic parties7. Political corruption disguises a sev ere threat to democracy and its consolidation. Corruption, either petty or otherwise has become omnipresent in Indian society and politics. It varies from the bribes that ordinary citizens give to record a statement at the police station, to shady

New Preston Village Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Preston Village - Speech or Presentation Example Village name: New preston Village type: model village Region: United states Name etymology: Square 2 Village timeline: its 10, 000 years old. Colonized in 1741 In 1753 New preston Ecclesiastical society was established. April 1778 General assembly was integrated to a town. In 1872 was arrival of railroad and 1948 it stopped operations. 1970 the village had became diminutive. 1990s the village made in picturesque in hosting of vistors. Square 3 Village plan: total area is 2020.19 hactares; 0.5 square mile is water and the rest is land. There is a river which is running through the centre of the village. It also passes over the New Preston falls. It has narrow valleys and steep hills. Square 4. population is 1110 2020.19/1110 1.82 % Square 5 Demographics There is 439 households and 303 families in this village. Racial make up is whites= 97.84%, African Americans 0.36%, native Americans 0.09%, Asian 0.18%, others races 1.43% and latino were 1.17 % of the population. Children under 18 made 30.3% Married couples 60.6% Non families 30.8 % Female householder 5.9%

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The executive summary provides a brief summary of the content of the report. According to the authors, the aim of the report was to support changes in the nature or state of on-campus restrooms. The report also sought to outline the unsanitary and unkempt nature of the restrooms, and gauge the opinions of the community on the condition of the rooms. The target audience of the business report included faculty heads, students and student leaders, parents, health officials and custodians of the restrooms. Students and student leaders were targeted because they are the main users and beneficiaries of the restroom. They have a responsibility of ensuring that the restrooms are in the best state for accommodation. Parents were targeted because they pay for the restrooms, and their children use the rooms. Therefore, it is important to provide them with information about the nature of the rooms (Kennedy 31). Teachers and custodians were targeted because they have a responsibility of ensuring that the on-campus restrooms are safe and clean for accommodation. The report targeted healthcare officials because of their role in providing safety and health standards. In order to ensure that the report provided the right information, the researchers used online surveys and questionnaires to collect information from faculty heads and students. The aim of the questionnaires was to understand the state of the restrooms, and the opinions of the respondents about the cleanliness of the rooms. The business report used formal and official language to pass information about the state of the restrooms. According to the report, the conditions of the facilities are below standards. In some of the instances, the authors use inflammatory language in order to invoke physical and emotional reactions. For instance, the authors state that the restrooms are â€Å"disgusting† in order to pass emotional messages that people should not be allowed to occupy the rooms. The main strength

Theories of Models of Health and Well-being

Theories of Models of Health and Well-being Health is Wealth: Did you know? â€Å"A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings, and learn how by his own thought to derive benefit from his illnesses.† Hippocrates, The Anthropology of Health and Healing Many people do not realise the significance of good health, and even if they do, they may still disregard it, whether at home or at work. When people talk about health, they usually refer to the condition of the body. However, health does not simply mean being free from pain or the symptoms of disease, it is everything that keeps us alive. The purpose of this essay is to expand the boundaries of our knowledge by exploring some relevant facts and figures relating to the different models of health. In this paper, it will tackle on two models of health the lifestyle theory model and the biomedical model. Biomedical model focuses on the physical processes, for instance biochemistry, pathology and physiology of a disease. It does not involve the role of social thing or individual subjectivity while lifestyle theory model is composed of three interlocking models: the structural model, the functional model, and the change model. In the next section, it will differentiate and contrast the two models of health. Lifestyle basically means the usual way a person goes in daily living. Most people, however, describe it in terms of wealth, this doesnt hit the mark. When all the aspects that truthfully compose a lifestyle are considered, the all-encompassing nature of this term becomes clear. A lifestyle does, of course, involve habits but it also covers such things as family status, wealth, careers and a lot more. No matter what a persons lifestyle happens to be, there are ways to improve upon bothersome areas. Everyone has their own typical lifestyle that cover up their distinctive actions on a daily basis. Some of the things that go into making ones lifestyle distinct include: habits it is everything a person does on a normal basis which makes up their unique lifestyle, from diet and the pursuit of a good  family fitness  to bad habits such as smoking, drinking etc. (Webster Online), careerit is the employment opportunities a person pursues it also help define lifestyle, financial means it isnt necessarily the most important facet of a lifestyle but it does help define the manner in which an individual might live and Emotional well beingit is also a state of mind. When personal peace and satisfaction are a part of everyday living; wealth wont necessarily matter in the creation of a healthy and happy lifestyle. In simpler words, the definition of lifestyle covers just about everything a person is and does on a regular basis. From personal wealth to bad habits, they all go into the big picture. The biomedical model focuses purely on biological factors, and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. This is considered to be the popular, modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries (Merriam Webster Online). Most health care professionals do not first ask for a psychological or social history of a patient; instead, they tend to analyze and look for biophysical or genetic malfunctions. The focus is on objective laboratory tests rather than the subjective feelings or history of the patient (Dutta, 2008). The biomedical approach to disease has its roots in biology. It is mostly concerned with objectively classifying the natural deviations that a disease presents from a biological norm (Walsh, 2004). The biomedical model has played a major role in the strategies used to deliver health and human services in the world. It argues the pathology in human beings that has a biological or molecular basis. As for a treatment approach, the biomedical model has been very successful at curing many diseases. With this achievement, the professionals in a number of fields have been to a great extent influenced by the biomedical model in the assessment and treatment of both physical and emotional problems. The biomedical model being used today is supported by the combination of clinical findings with laboratory data and pathology findings. This model created a structure to examine, classify and treat disease. From this, basically pathologist, health is defined as absence of disease. Thus the world is divided between healthy and sick, with what the medical condition to recognize, demonstrate, and sort by procedures based on this method. Both of these models of health are different from most of the aspects. Though both promote health, their understanding and objective are different. Biomedical model of health explanatory frameworks for disease are not straight forward. Medical model and the associated assumption about the illness distinction and lay distinction indicate some of the major characteristics of the medical approach to disease: that it claims legitimacy and process from science; that is primarily focused on the biological; that is a universalistic and individualist framework: and that it is constructed and presented in opposition to other approach toward disease. Lifestyle theory on the other hand is an ambiguous concept which can be altered to account for a of range different situations; also provides doctors to construct explanatory narratives which draw on everyday language to describe daily practices (Hansen, Easthope, 2007). In addition to this, Lifestyle theory is also composed of three interlocking models: the structural model, the functional model and the change model. Structural model is to operationally define a lifestyle, and show how it fits within a larger classification system. Functional model accounts for lifestyle development in a person’s fear and belief system and divides developmental factors. Change model, it is held that a natural self-altering process exist in all living beings which can be capitalized upon to encourage desistance from lifestyle behavior (Walters, 2006). An example of biomedical model of health would claim that lung cancer is caused by smoking, while lifestyle model of heath may suggest that passive smoking or hereditary disposition to the disease can be causes of it. Pursuing this further, Blaxter (2004) yet suggest that bio medical model of heath does not promote a healthy lifestyle, as it could be thought if you are smoking, excessively drinking and eating unhealthily but not feeling ill, then it is acceptable to carry on with that. Controversially, lifestyle model of health is looking at it differently, by encouraging people to lead a healthy lifestyle and prevent illnesses and diseases (Blaxter, 2004). In conclusion, this essay helped to further understand and to think broader the significant facts and figures relating to the different health models. Despite the immense amounts of research studying statistical relationships among lifestyle factors and disease very little known about the way medicine in general or doctors in particular speak about lifestyle or apply theory related to it when explaining health and disease. To pay off the lack of knowledge about medical understandings of lifestyle we draw together what is known about such understandings and report on our experimental research on the topic. In short, exploring the way that lifestyle is visualized and applied within medicine. In it we talk to a number of unanswered questions about medical understanding of lifestyle. Reference List Biomedical, Habit, Lifestyle. InMerriam Webster Online,Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary Blaxter, M. (2004). Health, Wiley Dutta, M. (2008). Communicating Health: A Culture-centered Approach, Polity  Hansen E., Easthope G. (2007). Lifestyle in Medicine, London: Routledge Walsh, M. (2004). Introduction to Sociology for Health Carers, Nelson Thornes Walters, G. (2006), Lifestyle Theory:Past, Present, and Future, Nova Publishers Womack, M. (2010). The Anthropology of Health and Healing, Almira Press

Standing Alone Against the World in Ayn Rands The Fountainhead Essay

Standing Alone Against the World in Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead Conformity is a basic human characteristic that man spends a life time either fighting or accepting, but few can escape.   Parents, churches, schools, and communities teach that the path Peter Keating follows is the assured road to security and happiness.   Humans crave companionship and are willing to sacrifice their values, beliefs, and very souls for the satisfaction of superficial love.   Howard Roark demonstrates that true happiness comes from within, at the end of a wearisome road.   He confirms this ideal through exhaustible determination struggling from burdensome beginnings to almost unattainable goals without relenting to pressures from society.   This concept of non-conformity is exemplified throughout the novel.   It is most clearly defined in Howard's resolution to work for Henry Cameron, his rejection of the A.G.A., and the Cortlandt Housing project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Howard Roark elucidates from the very beginning that he is going to work for Henry Cameron, a revolution considering Cameron's present state, or lack thereof.   Roark is laughed at for having such a fatuous goal but hardly notices the acrimonious criticism that follows him. Even Henry Cameron himself rebukes Howard Roarks efforts to study under him, and only relents to Howard's wishes after he feels that he can no longer bear to reject such talent.   The demonstration of drive and determination as well as defiance of basic rules of social structure make it difficult to not admire this aspiring architect.   It is clear at this point that Howard Roark is going to get what he wants, and he has no concern for what anyone else thinks of it. Roark establishes his own practice and has a conversatio... ...y and non-conformity is highlighted in the exchange between Peter Keating and Howard Roark on the A.G.A, as Howard has no intent of entertaining any such invitation and Peter can think of nothing sweeter.   Finally, Howard Roark reaches a pinnacle of non-conformity as he destroys the only hold society ever had on him, the Cortlandt Housing Project.   Howard Roark is a standard that one can strive towards, realistically, however, it would be almost impossible to follow in his footsteps.   Even in striving to reach his level one conforms to a set of idea, in a sense one conforms to non-conformity.   This novel illustrates in an effective manner that happiness must be reached through holding fast to one's own values.   Perhaps defying society is not the path many would choose, but Ayn Rand certainly presents a challenge to all in her message of   misery and happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

A Research About Reasons Make People Not Learning English Easily Essay

I researcher paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course 2010-2014 Submitted by: Nguy? n Th? Ng? c Mai Instructor: D. A Nguy? n Thanh Tu? n Ho Chi Minh City, December, 2012 Foreign Language Faculty, Hong Bang University Contents Chapter 1: Introduction3 Chapter 2: Literature Review51. 1 What is Vocabulary? 51. 2 The real situation of learning English nowadays61. 3 The importance of Vocabulary61. 4 Word Poverty71. 5 Vocabulary Development8 Chapter 3: Methodology111. 1 Subject111. 2 Research Procedure1113. Sample Selection111. 4 Sample Techniques121. 5 Data Collection121. 6 Reliability and Validity12 Chapter 4: Discussion141. 1 Figure 114 1. 2 Figure 2151. 3 Figure 3161. 4 Figure 4171. 5 Figure 5181. 6 Figure 619 Chapter 5: Conclusion20 References22 Questionnaire23 Chapter 1: Introduction Many people learning English as their second language have the same problem. What is the reason why they cannot remember the word that they used to know or read before when they need it? Why? Although you learnt it and it may be not a very hard word to recognize, you still cannot be able to speak that word out or write it down. It seems disappear mysteriously and never exists in your head. â€Å"Vocabulary is a very important element within a language as the overwhelming majority of meaning is carried lexically. There are certainly other elements such as: grammar, stress, rhythm, intonation, tone of voice, pauses, hesitations or silences, not to mention the use of non-vocal phenomena: kinesics and proxemics features† (Rosa M. ). In my point of view, we cannot learn any languages without knowing the vocabulary of it. It is obviously that how we can express our statuses, our feelings and how we can communicate with no word even in speaking or writing. In 1990, Mc Carthy stated, â€Å"no matter how well the student learn the lessons grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of L2 are mastered, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaningful way. † (L2-second language). Therefore, to find problems of being difficult to use vocabulary is one of the most necessary things to solve. Although the other factors are also important, vocabulary is definitely the first section which must be done well for learners. You must have been embarrassed at least once and felt stuck when you cannot speak the L2 word out in public. So you have to replace it to another word that is not as excellent as the one before. It’s all because you didn’t remember that word. After reading this material, you will discover causes and solutions to defeat your vocabulary weakness. In general, the â€Å"Solution for Using English Vocabulary in Speaking and Writing† is completely useful for all high school students and nonprofessional English university students. However, the other university students can also apply this research in their study. As everybody seems to underestimate learning vocabulary, we usually think just learn by heart and understand new words, that’s enough. But it is wrong! Nowadays, when the standard of life is more and more increasing, people pay less attention into worrying about what to eat or what to wear anymore, conversely, they have turned to worry about their knowledge. Particularly, parents who want their children have the best education at school and they always attempt to do it, so learning second language should be a typical example of this tendency. Many years ago, Vietnamese started learning other languages like Chinese, French and above all others was English. Nevertheless, it was not popular as present and learners mainly taught themselves studying. Thank to modernization, newly imported cultures of foreign countries, we have more chance to approach and adapt it how to it becomes our advantages. Therefore, the government is trying to make L2 become a criterion for citizen to raise our country’s position higher in the world. For that reason, learning other language is very essential and vocabulary should merely be taken heed the most. Lacking awareness about vocabulary importance is actually one main cause making us feel bored and hard to learn. Almost students hate that they have to learn by heart every single new word and then they forget for a while. Because teachers also force them learn grammar by heart more, but require them to be good at both, just learning and learning, they don’t have time to acquire what they have just learned. During the research process, I made a study of this and realize that there are more different methods to teach a student improve his or her learning skills. This will help us evaluate our ways to learn from the past until now, to find out which is good to develop it more and which is bad to stop and to erase from our habits. Students in Viet Nam are almost good at grammar, yet they always feel they can’t speak or write their L2 frequently. Therefore, this research aims to a very cause – vocabulary. After you improve your vocabulary knowledge, it is for sure you won’t never fear this problem anymore. However, in spite of the importance of this element, vocabulary is often the least systematized and the most neglected of all the aspects of learning second language. For that reason, why do people underestimate vocabulary the English element? And How to change this thought of learners to improve their speaking and writing skills? Chapter 2: Literature Review Before we start finding the efficient ways to use vocabulary in speaking and writing, we need to clarify some questions, find out the main reason to solve it totally and then we will be better at these two skills. What is a vocabulary? According to the Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1989: 1629), â€Å"the vocabulary of a language is the total number of words in it† and in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (New Eighth Edition, 2012: 1722), â€Å"vocabulary is all the words that a person knows or uses†. About word, it is defined, â€Å"a single unit of language which means something and can be spoken or written. † Some people misunderstand between vocabulary and word, they think they are similar, but actually not. To simplify those definitions, we can understand that vocabulary is all of the words we know and use to communicate effectively. Some of them we use in speaking or learn from reading books, some we regconise when listening from the others. There are two types of vocabulary: A. Use vocabulary (active vocabulary): words you can remember and use easily. Students learn vocabulary indirectly when they hear and see words used in many different contexts, for example, through conversations with adults, through being read to,†¦ B. Recognition vocabulary (passive vocabulary): words you knew in advance but for some reasons, it’s hard to spell or to pronounce correctly, and you need something remind. Students learn vocabulary directly when they are explicitly taught both individual words and word-learning strategies. In fact, the use vocabulary is as large as your recognition vocabulary and when you speak or write, you do not use as many words as when you recognise it from hearing and reading at all. This is information which tells us that if we can draw the recognition and the use one together, how remarkably our speaking and writing are improved! The real situation of learning vocabulary nowadays As a student, the researcher has been through many years at school, most vocabulary I learned and varied were from English textbook (grade 6 to grade 12). However, I actually could use half of them in practising and all of my friends were the same with me or some were even worse. According to Beck & McKeown in 1991, â€Å"Early vocabulary researchers reported figures ranging from 2,500 to 26,000 words in the vocabularies of typical grade 1 students and from 19,000 to 200,000 words for college graduate students. † And in two decades ago, there was considerable consensus among researchers that students added approximately 2,000 to 3,500 distinct words yearly to their reading vocabularies (Anderson & Nagy, 1992; Anglin, 1993; Beck and Keowm, 1991; White et al. , 1990). At the present time, the vocabulary size of each student must have increasing that figure more and more thanks to the help of modern technology. This is right and wrong. Although students have varied their vocabulary greatly but they are hindered partly by tissues such as types of vocabularies being considered (e. g. active and passive vocabulary). Moreover, students have more subjects to study and to be good at all that subjects either. They do not only learn by heart other subjects’ theories but they also have to acquire an amount of vocabularies and grammar structures which are their second language. Therefore, learning vocabulary may become a burden for almost students and they will be bored with foreign language’s lessons. The importance of vocabulary Everybody knows vocabulary knowledge plays an essential part to have a good basement when he or she learns a new language. Because it is obviously that without a basic amount of vocabulary, you cannot study language of any country well even if you are really good at its grammar. In 1997, Ellis stated, â€Å"knowing the words in a piece of discourse facilitates understanding which in turn allows the grammatical patterning to become more transparent. However, course books and teachers try to focus on grammar and make it become more important than the other elements. Additionally, foreigners can catch your speech with an imperfect grammar and an enough known vocabulary. But not many people get this point, they try to study hard in grammar skill, as the results, there are many people who learn vocabulary, still underestimate t he importance of it. â€Å" Students need both of a great many words in their vocabularies and the ability to use various strategies to establish the meaning of new words when they encounter them† (Fran L. Jean O. and Elfrieda H. ) Knowing a lot of words is good but not enough, all of it will be useless if you can’t be able to use it appropriately and effectively. Think about some practical cases like when you want to write or speak an interesting sentence in your writing or your speech and you try to find the best word to apply in that sentence because you can’t find out or can’t remember it. Cannot find it out: you didn’t know that word; Cannot remember it: you are lack of ability to use it immediately. Even if your rammar structure of this sentence is excellent, do not have vocabulary it still have nothing. As McCarthy stated, , â€Å"No matter how well the student learn the lessons grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of L2 are maste red, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaningful way. † Mc Carthy is the author who did many researches about the importance level of vocabulary, and this status above surely prove that â€Å"words of L2† is the most necessary element for every learners. Thus, I believe that we should raise the awareness of students about the importance of vocabulary. And then when students aware by themselves, they can easily improve this element and have their own motivation to learn how to use it in any situation effectively. Word Poverty – Main reason causing difficulties in our speaking and writing A. Word poverty: Researcher Louisa Moats refers to the gap in word knowledge between advantaged and disadvantaged children as â€Å"word poverty†. In her study of the language abilities of kindergarten students in a large city district, Moat found that many children were unable to name pictures that showed the meanings of words such as sewing or parachute. (Moats, 2001) It is clear that learning vocabulary is not just about memorizing lists of words, but it also depends on methods of each learner so that they will be good or bad at their study. For that reason, vocabulary is a main root of a studying new language process, if the root is not healthy and weak, its tree-truck definitely will be wheeling and underdeveloped. It is the same with learners who are easily distracted or they approach their second language in a wrong way. Like the research above, children and students learn a numerous new words everyday but when they are asked about any word of their vocabulary knowledge, they may not remember it. Most cases have started in learning vocabulary which is the first important mile, there have different levels to divide learners into different types of Word Poverty. B. Level 1 – inappropriate vocabulary: using vocabulary incorrectly in given situations such as speaking or writing. This level is not too bad, those students have relative knowledge of vocabulary. However, English is a various language for learners to totally understand and acquire it, it is very difficult to get all principles of it. Therefore, in some circumstances, learners can make mistakes and apply the word in wrong position. For instance, â€Å"right/left† are normally used for indicating direction, but these words will not be appropriate on a ship, according to the Nautical Terms, â€Å"right/left† must be â€Å"starboard/port†. Level 2 – wrong level of formality. This common error can occur to any learner. We usually use conservational English in spite of academic English in formal situations, because it’s hard for us to choose right words to apply our utterances or our speeches. An typical example is â€Å"sit down† in informal situation and â€Å"be seated, ladies and gentlemen† of formality. Level 3 – meaningless vocabulary. There are some learners use words in a sentence improperly for two reasons. First, they translate it word to word by their mother tongue; second, they misunderstand its meaning without looking up in dictionary. The worse things are wrong grammar forms, wrong spelling or pronunciation. Word poverty will affect your speaking and writing very much if you don’t change this now. Lack of vocabulary or using it illogically obviously will make your speech or your writing underestimated. Vocabulary Development Building vocabulary is a powerful way to enhance your life and career. Because â€Å"words may be learnt or taught because they are seen to be of special relevance to particular situations in which the learner finds himself, or might find himself†, according to Wallace (1988: 16). 1. How to improve and expand vocabulary of your own. There are many ways helping you develop your vocabulary knowledge. Nevertheless, because of so many methods and so much direction which make you feel confusing to choose, in this research, I gladly give you the most six effective approaches to enhance your vocabulary. 1. Keep Learning New Words This is the great technique which many people use to develop their vocabulary knowledge. You must have known about the technique, it has one only rule: have to learn at least a word a day. Thus, if you count these numbers of words you have learnt over a years, it will support you a lot of words. Moreover, you will be more responsible for your study. a. In the book Learning English Effectively, Nguy? Tho Sinh M. A in Bowie State University, Maryland gives us a very new ways to learn vocabulary which bases on the traditional one. He named it Percentage Formula, this method emphasizes that although there are a great amount of new words you try to learn, you also forget some of the so many words. Main reason is your brain always discounts some percentages of the total vocabulary you have just learnt. Do not believe in the ability of memorizing of your brain totally, but cooperate with it wisely. For example, you learn 10 words a day, if you forget 20% of them, you will remember 8 words. With someone learns 15 words, if he forget 15%, he still remain 10 words. Compare with the one who learn 10 and who learn 15 words, you can realize that the more new words we learn, the less words we will miss due to the discount of your brain. Similarly, if you learn 20 and forget 40%, you will remember 12 of those words; when you try to learn 30 or 40 words per day and you may even loose 50 or 60%, you still get 15 and 16 words in your memory. b. Keep a vocabulary notebook of your own is also a good way to learn new words. Wherever you are, if you suddenly discover a strange or interesting word, you can write it down in you notebook. Obviously, you must decide what words to put in and what to say about them. Should you translate them, give definitions, give grammatical information? The decision is yours. † (Jeremy and Richard, More Than Words). 1. 2 Independent Learning This technique is probably the most efficient for learners in their long run of studying a new language. Be cause it is sure that we are always apply what teacher taught us effectively, sometimes what we are self-learned is more easier for us to apply. Vaila Goodridge suggested five ways to study vocabulary in context: Jigsaw Readings, Guessing Meaning, Narrow Reading, Conversation, Concordance Lines. These are suitable ways to improve your vocabulary knowledge at home. He also noted that Repetition is really important for learners to do some activities so that we can remember the new words for a long time. 1. 3 Use Various Techniques (Multiple Techniques) There are some techniques such as dictionary work, word unit analysis, mnemonic devices, semantic elaboration, collocations and lexical phrases, oral production. However, if you think these ways are too complex to apply in your study, Entertainment is also a tool for both studying and relaxing, you can learn vocabularies by foreign films, songs, games†¦ reading famous ovels or books can expand your new words a lot. 1. 4 Take Full Advantage of Dictionary As normally, we use dictionary to look up a new word, but it is not enough for taking full advantage of it. You must have your own dictionary which depends on your currently English level. Then circle the words you look up and it is necessary to read the entire for the word you will check. One more thing is Be Aware of Words. Some people read a lot to expand their vocabulary knowledge, but they are told having a small amount of vocabularies. It is because you are not really aware of the new and hard words when you read, so you skip it. This will not give you a good result although you have been reading all the time. 1. 5 Motivation This definition is quite abstract but very essential for learners who are studying a new language. The most important factor is a successful vocabulary building tool. It is clear that without motivation, your work will not be done well or if the work can be completed, it absolutely will have no effect. Thus, when you determine what your purpose and your motivation are, I know you can enhance your vocabulary as far as you want. Vocabulary is totally an essential part of learning English. Thus, when students can control and keep expanding their knowledge of it every day, there is no door to be less confident of practising Speaking and Writing skills anymore. Chapter 3: Methodology Subject: It is junior high school students, and university students who don’t major in English. They are almost good at grammar but lack of vocabulary which is the main reason why they can speak and write English well. These learners are the very important human resources of our country in future and their second language is good or not which will affect their future jobs very much. Therefore, I made up my mind to choose them are my objectives. There has the same character about the research’s subjects, that is almost them take care of their second language – English. Research procedure: After observing and discovering weaknesses of students about their second language-English in general. Particularly in newspaper, television news, social network pages,.. and by my friends, my acquaintances. I realized a big gap of learning English which is underestimated by most students, vocabulary knowledge. Then, I made a research and collected information about this problem from books, Internet, statistics †¦ As a result, I decided to survey a number of students in my area, Th? D? district, Hi? p Binh high school and another number of nonprofessional English students in H? ng Bang University. Because these two subjects are familiar to me, they are also easy for me to survey and analyze my research. After I had the result of what I had studied, I found main reasons causing difficulties for students when they write or speak English. By particular numbers and statistics I surveyed, it proved what I had mentioned before is right. Next, I drew all information from the materials and my own experiences together, then, I made a list of tips for learners to use vocabulary more effective in speaking and writing. Sample selection: The sample technique I used to support my research is Stratified Sample. As I aimed at the subjects of my research who are high school students and nonprofessional English students in university, I decided to choose my school, H? ng Bang University and Hi? p Binh high school which I used to study at in order to carried out my research. In H? ng Bang University, I focus on faculties taking more interest in learning English such as business administration, information technology, finance banking, foreign relationship. In Hi? Binh high school, I made a survey with advanced classes and normal classes. Sample techniques: Stratified Sample method which is dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting from among these subgroups. In this direction, I followed two important criteria, materials and method. My primary materials I used to support the research are my computer with Microsoft Excel, I chose this software to help me draw diagram more exactly an d clearly; a questionnaire I made by myself with eight questions; a mathematical model is my calculator; especially is my real subjects, the students at school, ithout them, my research paper would be meaningless and valueless. Data collection: Through a process, I collected much information and I did surveys by myself which I use to support my research. Therefore, my data has a clear origin and it is valuable. The way I selected and collected my data is quite simple. After searching for many sources related to my topic, I went on carrying out some analyses by questionnaire, tests, observation,†¦ in order to make clear problems and find the best solutions for it. The locations where took place my surveys were H? g Bang university and Hiep Binh high school. Consequently, almost all objectives take their interest in my research (94. 4%). There are more than 75% who also agree the main reason causing difficulties in their speaking and writing skills is Lack of Vocabulary. And ther e are more than 80% people think their two skills will be nearly perfect if they improve the vocabulary knowledge. Reliability and Validity: My research paper is mainly for high school students and nonprofessional English students at university, but it can also inspire the other levels of learners. First, the validity of my research’s results and applicability is suitable and general for every learner because its particular objectives are just a manner so that I can take more focus on and narrow my topic. For that reason, there is not only high school or nonprofessional English students can approach this research, but there are also appropriate for secondary students or advanced English students whoever has the same trouble at his speaking and writing skills. Second, this is an issue of our national education now. When students are very good at English grammar and others elements, but they cannot apply it on practice and real situations. So the research will be useful for numerous learners in our country, and it will help them a good direction in their studying. About the reliability, I make sure that my research paper is trustworthy. Because I did it by my best and my real ability. Sources, books, websites, and surveys are on the research which proved that it is totally from my studying process. Finally, if you depend on the results and the capability, you will realize my new ideas and easily apply in reality. Chapter 4: Discussion Obviously in English, speaking and writing is two factors which every learner want to be good at the most. However, to be master these factors, there are some elements that the learners must control well like vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar†¦ and the result below will show you what high school and nonprofessional English university students think about their two skills. [pic] With the question, ‘Are you good at these two skills? † (speaking and writing skills), the majority of students choose â€Å"so so† as their final answer. There are 66,7% high school students and 50% university students who feel they are at average of speaking and writing English. Especially in the â€Å"yes† button answer, there are 25% high school students think they can control these skills, in the contrary, no university student is confident that they are good at both. You can see in the diagram, half of university students are so so and the other half totally think they speak and write English badly. Meanwhile, there are just 8. 3% high school students less confidence of speaking and writing English. What is the reason why they cannot remember the word that they used to know or read before when they need it? Relating to the result above, the very annoying trouble which students meet is they are usually stuck when speaking and writing English sentence because of not knowing how to describe it by vocabulary. [pic] There are 83,3% High school students and total nonprofessional English university students admit their weakness. However, some high school students can overcome this difficulty with 16,7% of them. The first and second diagram can be explained the reason why not all students easily say they are good at Speaking and Writing skills but half of them think they are ‘so so’ and there are even worse because of 50% say-no university students. The cause is only for lacking Vocabulary. Majority of students choose they are not good yet not really bad at these skills because they have learned English, they know about grammar and some rules of it but lack of words makes them lessen their confidence and also feel hard to practice the skills. With the big number of nonprofessional English university students, ho entirely answer ‘no’ toward being good at Speaking and Writing skill, because there are many factors effecting them at the high education school – university. Vocabulary knowledge is an essential element of learning this foreign language but there are more other fundamentals they need to concern either. At this position of university students, they re alize grammar and rules that are just a part not whole learning English. Next diagram and statistical numbers below will show the elements effecting learners when they study English. pic] There are five main factors in learning English, they are Vocabulary, Grammar, Pronunciation, Stress, Intonation and some extra features. At the first sight, we can find out the strongest influent element which was chosen by students at high school and University, that is Lack of Vocabulary. With 75% and 88. 9% of high school and university students’ choices, this percentage shows that almost students are aware of their knowledge of vocabulary. They know and understand about the element effects on their English studying time, because Vocabulary is the most basic thing when you learn a language. It is clear that Vocabulary is as a basement and foundation for each learner to have a stable process, if not the process will be very breakable. Therefore, every student should build their strategy of improving the Vocabulary knowledge right now. It is not too difficult, conversely, all the words will be naturally and easily acquired, as Wallace said, ‘words may be learnt or taught because they are seen to be of special relevance to particular situations in which the learner finds himself, or might find himself. ’ The next factor students take care of is Pronunciation. This absolutely relates to Vocabulary, when you learn by heart a new word, you should make sure about its meaning, synonyms, stress and especially is Pronunciation. However, some people usually miss this step so it will obstruct them in the future. There are 16. 7% High School students and 38. 9% university students agree with this point. About Grammar, a number of students think it have a an effect on learning English is not a few, 25% of high school and 33. 3% university chose this element. Beside three factors, Stress and Intonation have the same percentage of choices from students, there are 16. % in high school and 33. 3% in university. Additionally, some high school students said they also have other reasons which weaken their speaking and writing skills, that is lacking time and to be more in practice. Thus, there will be a question: Why do most people underestimate vocabulary the English element? The answer is their teacher taking much more focus on Grammar structure than oth er English elements. [pic] Nearly all students at High school and university admit of this mistake which belongs to Vietnamese teachers. With 77. 2% high school students and 83. % nonprofessional English students chose the answer – Yes are evidents for teaching wrong English at school and bad influence to their study process for a long time. As a result, students are so familiar with the style of learning which they have been taught from their teachers is attaching special importance to Grammar only. This seriously affects University students who are at the age need to use and practise English most. These remaining students, who don’t think their teachers take more focuses on Grammar, are only 27. 8% of high school and 16. 7% of University. However, the mistake of teaching was happened until few years later of the twenty-first century when Viet Nam, our country had not been adopted many other English teaching approaches. For this reason, there were a lot of Vietnamese teachers, who taught English, had only one method to educate their students – the Grammar-Translation Method. Fortunately, when this time of teaching style are narrowing, teachers and students have much more new choices to teach and learn English such as the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching, etc. Because the Grammar-Translation Method just focuses on Grammar but takes less intentions to others factors of English, teachers has to follow the principles of this approach ( Diane Larsen, 2000). This can be considered and answered for the research questions of Chapter 1 as the very first cause making learners underestimate Vocabulary the English element. How to change this thought of learners to improve their speaking and writing skills? There is a very important solution educators must immediately put on action, this is balance teaching and studying time of the English elements equally. Figure 5: The Next Important Elements In Learning English [pic][pic]To response the question, â€Å"Which of remaining factors (except Grammar) do you agree that it is the most important one influencing your English speaking and writing skills? † students at Hiep Binh high school and Hong Bang university randomly agree with Lack of Vocabulary in majority. In the pie diagram, more than a half learners believe Vocabulary is a key component which help they build a steady basement and support to others elements a lot. There are 61. 1% of total Hong Bang’s nonprofessional English students and 58. % of Hiep Binh’s students, this percentage reveals Vocabulary truly plays a essential role in English study of each student. But this feature seems to be neglectful and underestimated by Grammar structures, it is understandable that without Vocabulary, your knowledge of English will be merely at zero level. Therefore, you should take more time to separate the English elements uniformly, so that there is not which of them too bigger than the other ones. Pronunciation is the next choice with 33. 3% and 41. 6% of students, it is less than Vocabulary in university 27. 8% and in high school 16. %. There are some opinions that practice is also a factor making learners improve their English skills. After being good at both Grammar and Vocabulary-the most important English elements, I completely trust that every student can be more confident and more fearless when they use Vocabulary in their conversations and situations in real life. Thus, almost students quickly say Yes and think they will be perfect in English. [pic] Compare with Yes and No columns, we can recognise an obvious difference. These numbers are 83. 3% for students at high school and even 94. % for nonprofessional English students at university who surely believe if they try to improve and expand their Vocabulary knowledge and if this pluses Grammar knowledge which they have been taught well, they will absolutely control all difficulties they met in the past for Speaking and Writing skills. Moreover, these students will be practical perfect in this foreign language – English. Chapter 5: Conclusion Now, desire of being master of Vocabulary knowledge does not belong to minor learners anymore. In addition, the advantages of Vocabulary are very huge for your whole English studying process. Once students are confident of their vocabulary, they will definitely control four skills of English, especially is Speaking and Writing skills. Therefore, the researcher realized this point, then referred books relating and started making analyses. Actually, learning Vocabulary is not only learn by heart all the new words and it is done, but there are many methods to acquire such a numerous number of Vocabulary knowledge more easily. As the researcher present to you all information about Vocabulary, you, the audiences, have found out many tips for your own to improve and expand your knowledge of new words. However, there still have a lot of people who are underestimating this element of English. For that reason, many students admit that they usually feel hard to speak and write an English sentence which can transport full meaning in their mother tongue. Finally, these learners discover what obstructs them, this is amazingly an English factor that is not very important by their thoughts up to now-Vocabulary. Starting at so much complaints from my friends like â€Å"I have ideas in my head but I cannot speak or write them with no trouble, I even forget vocabulary all the time†, the researcher decided to make a research about this problem. From articles, news, books, television shows,†¦ and doing surveys in real community of students, particularly in high school and university. Then collecting results, analyzing and detecting some interesting findings, simultaneously giving audiences familiarity about Vocabulary and techniques to learn it more effectively. Throughout the research procedure, I perceived a big gap in our country’s education about teaching English that is teachers just focus on grammar structures more than other components. This leads students to a bad result when they go to university that is lack of Vocabulary and scare of Speaking and Writing skills, especially in high school, there is a majority of students already meet the problems. Next useful finding the researcher made out is creative ways to study and improve learners’ Vocabulary knowledge. Above all is the Percentage Formula (page 8), which Nguy? n Tho Sinh M. A introduce to audiences totally inspires us in learning Vocabulary. Besides this method, there are more easier ones to study news word without bore such as using multiple techniques, your own motivation, taking full advantages of dictionary,†¦ One more brightly exciting discovery for all English learners is there are more and more people realize the problem of teaching English in Viet Nam, so this is changing their awareness and our national education will be more successful in outlook. For further vision of this research, I suppose that when there is no learner lacking Vocabulary anymore, the next important thing we must follow is raising the international teaching. Because English is the most popular language in the world, no one can deny that Chinese, French or Japanese are also popular but English is still the most appreciated tool for human owing to its easy applicability worldwide. Thus, renewing English teaching approaches more internationally will be the next direction to develop for future research. Additionally, how to educate the remaining people who really do not know about what the second language-English is like the old, the poor and ethnic minority people. This is a very field making every educator reflect on and find out ways to come and fix it. In final, we discovered all causes of obstructing students in Speaking and Writing skills. We ascertained about what you should do right now to improve your English Vocabulary with no bore. We noticed weaknesses of our country education’s teaching second language either. For these results, the researcher absolutely believe in Solution for Using English Vocabulary in Speaking and Writing which will give you a new sight about learning Vocabulary and help you solve your difficulties of this language effectively. As Stahl mentioned in 1999, ‘Our knowledge of words†¦ determines how we understand texts, how we define the way we see the world. References Anderson, R. C. , & Nagy, W. E. (1992). The vocabulary conundrum. American Educator, 16, 14-18, 44-47. Anglin, J. M. (1993). Vocabulary development: A morphological analysis. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Serial No. 238, 58(10). Beck, I. L. , & McKeowm, M. G. (1991). Conditions of vocabulary acquisition. In R. Barr, M. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, & P. D. Pearson (Eds. ), Handbook of reading research, (Vol. 2, pp. 789-814). New York: Longman. Diane Larsen-Freeman (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford. 15-17. Fran Lehr, M. A, Jean Osborn, M. Ed. and Dr. lfrieda H. Hiebert, A Focus On Vocabulary Kennedy, C. & Bolitho, R. (eds. ) 1984: English for Specific Purposes. London: Macmillan. Jeremy Harmer and Richard Rossner, More Than Words, part A, unit 3, 29. McCarthy, M. 1990: Vocabulary. Oxford: O. U. P Moats, L. C. (2001). Overcoming the language gap. American Educator, 25, 5, 8-9. Nguy? n Tho Sinh M. A, Percentage Formula, Learning English Effectively – H? c Ti? ng Anh Co Hi? u Qu? , 6, 75-76. R. Ellis (1997). SLA research and language teaching. Oxford.

Interdisciplinary Studies What Is It Should You Get a Degree

Interdisciplinary Studies What Is It Should You Get a Degree SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Colleges have a wealth of degrees to choose from that can lead you to all different kinds of career paths. But if you’re looking for something more specialized, something that can combine your love for multiple disciplines into one complete package, interdisciplinary studies might be right for you. If you have questions like what is interdisciplinary studies, what kinds of students will do best in these programs, and how can interdisciplinary studies lead to a great career, read on! What Is Interdisciplinary Studies? Interdisciplinary studies is unique among degree programs. Most traditional programs are focused on a specific field of study, such as mathematics, literature, or computer science. Interdisciplinary studies can include all of the above and more- it depends on what you hope to get out of these programs. The most basic interdisciplinary studies definition is that these programs allow students to choose their concentrations. You can effectively create your own major by choosing two areas of interest and combining them into one degree program that you’ll specialize in. For example, say you love psychology and art. You might combine an art program with a psychology program to create your own art therapy degree. Interdisciplinary studies are distinct from integrative studies, which have one primary focus with others supporting it. For example, if you wanted to study psychology and art in an integrative fashion, you might study how art feeds into psychology but not the other way around. Integrative study doesn’t treat your disparate fields as equal; you have one key discipline, and other programs inform that discipline. Why Choose an Interdisciplinary Studies Major? Interdisciplinary studies is great for students who have specific interests that won’t necessarily be met through a traditional degree. For example, maybe you have a deep interest in linguistics and biology and the ways that the two intersect. You might take linguistics courses and biology courses to get your degree, but the two may not typically cross over in traditional degree programs. If you study those fields as part of an interdisciplinary program, you’ll be designing your major specifically to understand the relationships between the two fields. If you have a specific field you’d like to work in the future, one that requires specialized knowledge, a degree in interdisciplinary studies may be a good approach. If you want to work as a biologist but specifically with the human body has evolved to suit speech, you can design your major to suit those interests. Even better, an interdisciplinary studies program means you’re personally choosing things that are interesting to you. In a traditional degree program, you might end up having to take animal biology or microbiology, neither of which have that much in common with linguistics. In an interdisciplinary program, your classes are more likely to line up directly with the things you want to study because you’re going to be working with advisers to create the ideal major. What Kinds of Students Succeed in Interdisciplinary Studies? Because interdisciplinary studies are a special field, it takes certain kinds of students to succeed. Students who are more likely to succeed in the field include students who are: Creative If you’re interested in interdisciplinary studies, you’re probably at least a little creative. You don’t want to follow the existing paths; you want to create one that’s new and unique to you. That trait will serve you well as you’re connecting different fields and planning out your course schedules, because part of an interdisciplinary studies program is forging new connections between disciplines. Motivated Because interdisciplinary studies doesn’t have a clear path the way many majors do, you’ll need to be a particularly motivated student to make it work for you. You’ll be designing your own course schedule and program with your advisers, which means more work than usual for you as a student. You need to keep your motivation high if you want to succeed as an interdisciplinary studies major. Collaborative You might be the only student at your school with your specific combination of fields in interdisciplinary studies, but that doesn’t mean you won’t be collaborating with others. Forming connections with people with similar interests is a great way to improve your own experience, particularly since you’re going to be forging your own path. You’ll also be working heavily with professors and advisers to create your academic pathway. So though you might be the only person doing exactly your program, it’s still important to work collaboratively with others! Critical Thinkers Many disciplines overlap in college, but for interdisciplinary studies, that overlap is something you’ll largely be figuring out for yourself. Critical thinking is a valuable skill for interdisciplinary studies students for that reason. You’ll be considering all of your courses in conversation with one another, even if the connections aren’t clearly laid out for you. If your program requires a thesis or capstone project, you’ll likely be covering all of the ways your courses and fields intersect. Being able to think critically about those courses will be invaluable to you as you progress through your program. Disciplined Motivation and hard work will get you far, but a sense of discipline will get you even further. Interdisciplinary studies requires that you adhere to a different set of standards than traditional degrees. That means you’ll be guiding yourself, a lot of the time- though you’ll likely work out a plan with your advisers and instructors, you’ll be the one in charge of properly executing it. People who are good at setting goals, hitting deadlines, and planning will have an easier time Pros and Cons of Interdisciplinary Studies There are a lot of considerations to be made in deciding on an interdisciplinary studies program. These programs have lots of unique benefits over other majors, but also some potential drawbacks. Pros: Learning multiple disciplines Understanding how fields overlap Opportunities for new research and development Passion about whatever you’re studying because you design it Cons: Professors may not understand your program Professors may not understand your unique needs as an interdisciplinary studies student Difficult to transition between subjects because work may not necessarily be connected It’s a specialized degree, so some jobs may not know what to make of it May be difficult to get into grad school Jobs may not understand what your degree is What Schools Offer Interdisciplinary Studies Programs? Though the major is an unusual approach, many great schools offer interdisciplinary studies as an option for their students. Some of those schools include: Boise State University Bowling Green State University Brown University College of William and Mary Creighton University Duke University George Washington University Lehigh University Lipscomb University New York University Purdue University Portland State University Stephen F Austin State University SUNY at Fredonia University of California - Berkeley University of California - Los Angeles University of Connecticut University of Denver University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign University of Virginia Valparaiso University What Are Interdisciplinary Programs Like? Many schools throughout the US offer interdisciplinary studies programs. Not every college has an interdisciplinary studies program, and even if they do, it might not be particularly well-supported. The programs covered below all have plenty of information about their interdisciplinary studies programs, including how to apply, what the expectations are, and information on past successes of the department. UC Berkeley At UC Berkeley, interdisciplinary studies is considered part of the bachelor of arts program. You’ll graduate your program, no matter what fields you combine, with a BA. Berkeley also requires a minimum of three fields in your interdisciplinary studies program. The program should be designed to answer a specific research question, but the question can be approached in a multitude of ways, including regional, comparative, and historical approaches. Though interdisciplinary studies allows students to design their own major, Berkeley has a structure in place to ensure that the education students receive is well-rounded and comprehensive. You’ll be choosing from a list of acceptable courses to take to satisfy prerequisites, including introductory courses, world region courses, and methodology courses, with each requirement having an assortment of disciplines to choose from. Tufts Tufts makes it clear that interdisciplinary studies is not just a method of creating a unique major- it’s a dedicated field of study that should be taken seriously. According to their website, â€Å"it is a serious undertaking for the student who is committed to blending disciplines in a way that is demonstrably relevant to an identifiable area of intellectual inquiry.† Tufts has the requirements to match their feelings about interdisciplinary studies being a serious undertaking. Getting your degree requires a thesis and thesis defense in front of an advisory committee, representing the culmination of your work and research. Students create their own advisory committee with three instructors from different disciplines, one of which must be a tenured member of the Arts and Sciences faculty. With their advisory committee, students of interdisciplinary studies will develop their major. Major proposals must include a title, a description of why it needs to be interdisciplinary, what problems will be addressed through the program, and what methodology will be used to address them, as well as letters of support, a bibliography, and list of courses they plan to take. That proposal must be approved by the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies Faculty Committee before you can begin your program. University of Florida University of Florida has some interdisciplinary programs already in place, including biological illustration, sustainability studies, and Middle Eastern languages and culture. For students who wish to design their own major, they must apply separately to the IDS program through the Dean’s office. They must also find at least two tenured advisers to help them design their program. As in the Tufts program, students will be required to complete a thesis to graduate. Because interdisciplinary studies can be customized for each student who pursues it, programs can vary pretty widely between colleges. Here’s a look at three of the programs from some top schools: What Should You Look for in an Interdisciplinary Studies Program? Programs can vary from college to college, but there are a few things to look for if you’re interested in pursuing an interdisciplinary studies degree: A Track Record A college doesn’t need to have your specific interests clearly outlined, but having a framework for interdisciplinary studies makes it easier for you to get a good, well-supported education. Professor Support A traditional degree program has a pathway for success as well as advisers and professors who are well-trained in helping students make it through. That isn’t necessarily true of interdisciplinary studies, which means you have to be extra diligent about evaluating how well you’ll work with your professors. Unfortunately, since professors may not know what exactly your program is, it may be hard for them to understand exactly how one piece fits into another. Unlike traditional degree programs, there’s no real â€Å"stepping stone† approach- your courses may be in radically different fields with no attempt to bridge them. That’s why it’s so important to connect with your professors and your advisers. You need to be sure that you’re all on the same page as far as what you need to get out of each class, even if you are doing the bulk of the bridging yourself. When you are clear about your intentions and goals, it’s easier for your professors to help you meet them! What Kinds of Interdisciplinary Studies Jobs Exist? One of the benefits of a traditional degree program is that future careers will probably know what they mean, even if they’re highly specialized. Interdisciplinary studies degrees are a bit different- while a future job might recognize â€Å"communications† and â€Å"art history,† they might not understand exactly what it means to have an interdisciplinary degree covering both. But that doesn’t mean that you can’t get interdisciplinary studies jobs- only that clarity and dedicated study are the best way to ensure your degree will help you down the line. Here’s a few jobs that benefit from the interdisciplinary approach: Job Degree Required Average Salary Job Description Best For People Who... Teacher Bachelor’s (minimum) $60,477 Teaching children or adults in a specific subject Understand education principles, have a firm grasp on one or more specific subjects, and enjoy working with others Accountant None, but a bachelor’s or higher is greatly preferred $77,920 Analyzes financial information to prepare reports for businesses Work well with numbers, have an eye for detail, and who enjoy analysis Counselors Bachelor’s degree minimum, but a master’s degree is preferred $42,840 Offers advice and guidance to people in a variety of contexts Have great listening skills, are able to remain objective, excel at communicating Journalist None required, but bachelor’s degree greatly preferred $40,077 Writes and researches a variety of topics to create news articles, videos, or other reports Are curious, have writing skills, enjoy research Archaeologist Bachelor’s degree $59,040 Participates in digs and excavations to learn more about history Have an eye for detail, are inquisitive, have flexibility in where they live and for how long Key Tips Taking on an interdisciplinary studies program can be a lot of work. You’ll be looking out for yourself more than you would in a traditional degree program, but the increased freedom and flexibility are worth it for many students. To be sure you’re getting the most out of your program, keep these things in mind: Do Your Research Schools that already have procedures in place for interdisciplinary studies students are likely to better support you. Know ahead of time if these frameworks for success exist, and if not, develop a plan for how you’ll approach your program. Seek out other interdisciplinary studies students and alumni to learn more about their experiences. Did professors support them? How about the school administration? Do they have recommendations about how to make the most of the program? Spending some time learning more about interdisciplinary studies at your school is a great way to ensure that you get the biggest benefit from the program. Don’t be afraid to ask lots of questions- it’s a skill you’ll need for the field! Pick a Focus and Stick With It Interdisciplinary studies is great for students who have a multitude of interests. But that multitude of interests can also be a problem if you struggle to stick with one project for an extended period of time. When you plan out your program with your advisers, be sure it’s a plan you can stick with throughout your time in college- changing your degree is difficult even for traditional programs, but the lost credit hours can be especially hard for interdisciplinary degree students. What’s Next? Looking for other unique ways of combining your interests in college? Consider a dual degree or double major, two other degree programs that let you explore multiple subjects. Curious how long it'll take to complete your interdisciplinary studies program? If you're doing a bachelor's degree, this article about how many years it takes to complete a bachelor's program can help! Journalism is a great field for interdisciplinary studies students. Want to know what schools have the strongest journalism programs? Check out this list!

B-17 Flying Fortress in World War II

B-17 Flying Fortress in World War II B-17G Flying Fortress Specifications General Length: 74 ft. 4 in.Wingspan: 103 ft. 9 in.Height: 19 ft. 1 in.Wing Area: 1,420 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 36,135 lbs.Loaded Weight: 54,000 lbs.Crew: 10 Performance Power Plant: 4 Ãâ€" Wright R-1820-97 Cyclone turbo-supercharged radial engines, 1,200 hp eachRange: 2,000 milesMax Speed: 287 mphCeiling: 35,600 ft. Armament Guns: 13 Ãâ€" .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 4,500-8,000 lbs. depending on range B-17 Flying Fortress- Design Development: Seeking an effective heavy bomber to replace the Martin B-10, the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC) issued a call for proposals on August 8, 1934. Requirements for the new aircraft included the ability to cruise at 200 mph at 10,000 ft. for ten hours with a useful bomb load. While the USAAC desired a range of 2,000 miles and top speed of 250 mph, these were not required. Eager to enter the competition, Boeing assembled a team of engineers to develop a prototype. Led by E. Gifford Emery and Edward Curtis Wells, the team began drawing inspiration from other company designs such as the Boeing 247 transport and XB-15 bomber. Constructed at the companys expense, the team developed the Model 299, which was powered by four Pratt Whitney R-1690 engines and was capable of lifting a 4,800 lb. bomb load. For defense, the aircraft had five mounted machine guns. This imposing look led Seattle Times reporter Richard Williams to dub the aircraft the Flying Fortress. Seeing the advantage to the name, Boeing quickly trademarked it and applied to the new bomber. On July 28, 1935, the prototype first flew with Boeing test pilot Leslie Tower at the controls. With the initial flight a success, the Model 299 was flown to Wright Field, Ohio for trials. At Wright Field, the Boeing Model 299 competed against the twin-engined Douglas DB-1 and Martin Model 146 for the USAAC contract. Competing in the fly-off, the Boeing entry displayed superior performance to the competition and impressed Major General Frank M. Andrews with the range that a four-engine aircraft offered. This opinion was shared by the procurement officers and Boeing was awarded a contract for 65 aircraft. With this in hand, development of the aircraft continued through the fall until an accident on October 30 destroyed the prototype and halted the program. B-17 Flying Fortress- Rebirth As a result of the crash, Chief of Staff General Malin Craig cancelled the contract and purchased aircraft from Douglas instead. Still interested in the Model 299, now dubbed YB-17, the USAAC utilized a loophole to purchase 13 aircraft from Boeing in January 1936. While 12 were assigned to the 2nd Bombardment Group for developing bombing tactics, the last aircraft was given to the Material Division at Wright Field for flight testing. A fourteenth aircraft was also built and upgraded with turbochargers that increased speed and ceiling. Delivered in January 1939, it was dubbed B-17A and became the first operational type. B-17 Flying Fortress- An Evolving Aircraft Only one B-17A was built as Boeing engineers worked tirelessly to improve the aircraft as it moved into production. Including a larger rudder and flaps, 39 B-17Bs were built before switching to the B-17C, which possessed an altered gun arrangement. The first model to see large-scale production, the B-17E (512 aircraft) had the fuselage extended by ten feet as well as the addition of more powerful engines, a larger rudder, a tail gunner position, and an improved nose. This was further refined to the B-17F (3,405) which appeared in 1942. The definitive variant, the B-17G (8,680) featured 13 guns and a crew of ten. B-17 Flying Fortress- Operational History The first combat use of the B-17 came not with the USAAC (U.S. Army Air Forces after 1941), but with the Royal Air Force. Lacking a true heavy bomber at the start of World War II, the RAF purchased 20 B-17Cs. Designating the aircraft Fortress Mk I, the aircraft performed poorly during high-altitude raids in the summer of 1941. After eight aircraft were lost, the RAF transferred the remaining aircraft to Coastal Command for long-range maritime patrols. Later in the war, additional B-17s were purchased for use with Coastal Command and the aircraft was credited with sinking 11 u-boats. B-17 Flying Fortress- Backbone of the USAAF With the United States entrance into the conflict after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the USAAF began deploying B-17s to England as part of the Eighth Air Force. On August 17, 1942, American B-17s flew their first raid over occupied Europe when they struck railroad yards at Rouen-Sotteville, France. As American strength grew, the USAAF took over daylight bombing from the British who had switched to night attacks due to heavy losses. In the wake of the January 1943 Casablanca Conference, American and British bombing efforts were directed into Operation Pointblank, which sought to establish air superiority over Europe. Key to the success of Pointblank were attacks against the German aircraft industry and Luftwaffe airfields. While some initially believed that the B-17s heavy defensive armament would protect it against enemy fighter attacks, missions over Germany quickly disproved this notion. As the Allies lacked a fighter with sufficient range to protect bomber formations to and from targets in Germany, B-17 losses quickly mounted during 1943. Bearing the brunt of the USAAFs strategic bombing workload along with the B-24 Liberator, B-17 formations took shocking casualties during missions such as the Schweinfurt-Regensburg raids. Following Black Thursday in October 1943, which resulted in the loss of 77 B-17s, daylight operations were suspended pending the arrival of a suitable escort fighter. These arrived in early 1944 in the form of the North American P-51 Mustang and drop tank-equipped Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Renewing the Combined Bomber Offensive, B-17s incurred much lighter losses as their little friends dealt with the German fighters. Though German fighter production was not damaged by Pointblank raids (production actually increased), B-17s aided in winning the war for air superiority in Europe by forcing the Luftwaffe into battles in which its operational forces were destroyed. In the months after D-Day, B-17 raids continued to strike German targets. Strongly escorted, losses were minimal and largely due to flak. The final large B-17 raid in Europe occurred on April 25, 1945. During the fighting in Europe, the B-17 developed a reputation as an extremely rugged aircraft capable of sustaining heavy damage and remaining aloft. B-17 Flying Fortress- In the Pacific The first B-17s to see action in the Pacific was a flight of 12 aircraft that arrived during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Their expected arrival contributed to the American confusion just prior to the attack. In December 1941, B-17s were also in service with the Far East Air Force in the Philippines. With the beginning of the conflict, they were quickly lost to enemy action as the Japanese overran the area. B-17s also took part in the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in May and June 1942. Bombing from high altitude, they proved unable to hit targets at sea, but were also safe from Japanese A6M Zero fighters. B-17s had more success in March 1943 during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Bombing from medium altitude rather than high, they sank three Japanese ships. Despite this victory, the B-17 was not as effective in the Pacific and the USAAF transitioned aircrews to other types by mid-1943. During the course of World War II, the USAAF lost around 4,750 B-17s in combat, nearly a third of all built. USAAF B-17 inventory peaked in August 1944 at 4,574 aircraft. In the war over Europe, B-17s dropped 640,036 tons of bombs on enemy targets. B-17 Flying Fortress- Final Years: With the end of the war, the USAAF declared the B-17 obsolete and the majority of the surviving aircraft were returned to the United States and scrapped. Some aircraft were retained for search and rescue operations as well as photo reconnaissance platforms into the early 1950s. Other aircraft were transferred to the U.S. Navy and redesignated PB-1. Several PB-1s were fitted with the APS-20 search radar and used as antisubmarine warfare and early warning aircraft with designation PB-1W. These aircraft were phased out in 1955. The U.S. Coast Guard also utilized the B-17 after the war for iceberg patrols and search and rescue missions. Other retired B-17s saw later service in civilian uses such as aerial spraying and fire fighting. During its career, the B-17 saw active duty with numerous nations including the Soviet Union, Brazil, France, Israel, Portugal, and Colombia. Selected Sources Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress.†Ã‚  National Museum of the USAF, 14 Apr. 2015The Life and Times of Antoine De Saint-Exupry, www.aviation-history.com/boeing/b17.html.

Home safety assessmeny Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home safety assessmeny - Coursework Example L The presence of a chair in the balcony as well as unenclosed reagents has the greatest potential of jeopardizing with the safety of my household members. The children in my household are ever active and curious, and as a result of these it is evident that their safety is at risk. M I have decided to ensure that the door to the balcony is ever closed when an adult is not around. I also lock all reagents and lotions in their respective shelves after and before use. To prevent children from being burnt, I will ensure that the kitchen is always under key and lock when all adults are out of home. N This evaluation assignment has enabled me realize that there are a lot of things that we do ignore in our respective homes that are very detrimental to our own health. It has also made learn the essence of ensuring everything is well stored at home so as to reduce the health hazard

International business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International business environment - Essay Example As companies expand into greener pastures around the world depending on the specialisation, expertise or even business opportunities available to them, local cultures, local politics and the economies of host countries can become problems which have to be dealt with. This means that there are new issues which must be addressed by managers who can now be called on to create company wide policies as well as region based policies which affect the people working in London as much as they affect employees working in other parts of the globe. This problem is actually at the heart of the globalisation of business and the solution demands the creation new world order for business where we move towards a combination of cultures that represent us as humans. A company wide policy manual can be used as a document which sets up the culture of the company even as an isolated bubble in a place where the outside culture is totally different. However, this must be done carefully because this could also be dangerous as going with policies which are against local cultures can create bitterness and even a loss of the company’s human capital. GE was one such company which experienced these issues when they setup their operations across Eastern Europe and tried to revamp their business in Ukraine, Hungary and Albania. As reported by Welch (2005) GE faced several difficulties in political, cultural and economic terms which made it difficult to export their American brand of competitiveness to Eastern Europe (Welch, 2005). GE is the parent company of eleven technology, services and finance businesses with more than 300,000 employees spread across 160 countries. Even though the company is large, their values and actions, recruitment process and even the methods of rewarding employees remain more or less the same across the board. GE deals with computers, jet engines, power plants, capital services, plastics, illumination equipment,