Labeling theory and its effects to the society Essay

Labeling theory is a theory that tries to explain the effects of â€Å"labeling† by the society on an individual. It shows that: by labeling an individual for example as insane, that could mark the beginning of the process of him being insane. It is therefore important for society to be careful on the labels that they give to individuals because of the effects that are likely to come with this â€Å"labels†. This paper is going to look into the components of labeling theory and its effects. Labeling Theory Labeling theory looks at the influence that the society has on the development of a certain behavior by an individual because of the society’s perception of him/her. The way an individual has been described and categorized by the public can greatly affect the behavior of the said individual. It also brings out the linguistic tendency of the majority in society to label those who are perceived to be minority or with behaviors different from the rest, negative labels. According to this theory, the stigmatizing or negative labels given to these individuals have a significant effect on them such that some of the individuals may proceed to being deviant (Becker, 1964). An example is an individual who is perceived to be a drug addict. Even if the drugs do not affects his professional life, when individuals whom they work with come to know that they use drugs, they may start avoiding and associating them with all other crimes that are done by drug addicts. Because of this stigmatization, the individual may end up loosing the job and could not be able to secure a decent job in any other place. This will leave him with no other option other than involving in crime for survival, something which he could not have gotten himself in were it not for stigmatization and labels that were directed to him/her (Becker, 1963). According to Becker (1963), the process of labeling cannot be assumed to be purely right because if so, it could have not considered the general rule of deviance which is: it is the society that creates it. The society may create some social rules and apply them to some given individuals without proper consideration. Their claims cannot be justified because there is a possibility that the individual may not be what the society perceives him/her to be. Other offenders may be lucky to go without being noticed by people and you cannot say that just because they were able to escape unseen, they are clean and cannot qualify to be deviant or those who have been labeled are all the same. This is because there may be false accusations. The theory may affect the society in many ways. It may lead to increased crime rate among individuals and society. This is because of the effect that the theory has on an individual like in the example above of a drug addict who will be forced to engage in dangerous activities because of discrimination by the people around him/her. It may also serve as an example to other individuals to avoid committing crimes considering the condemnation involved after carrying out the crime (Becker, 1964). Victims of this theory can also become victims of self fulfilled prophesy. Because of the perception that the society has on these individuals, they may begin to change their behavior to that which the society has labeled them to have either consciously or unconsciously. An example is a homosexual individual. Being a homosexual may not have an effect on an individual’s professional life, but if his colleagues become aware of that fact, it may be difficult for the said person to comfortably work therefore his work will also suffer as a result. Poor results in the work place have been brought about by discrimination that an individual has received from his colleagues because of the label of a â€Å"homosexual† that he had acquired. Although the individuals may be determined to do things right, it may be difficult to abide by that (Becker, 1963). Although this theory may bring about positive influences in society such that others may learn from victims, it makes victims to be more deviant. This could be because of lack of support from the individuals around the victims making life more unbearable for them pushing them further into crime. References Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: labeling theory. New York, NY: The Free Press Becker, H. S. (1964). The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance. New York, NY: The Free Press

Peer Mentor

In this quarter, being a peer mentor has a great impact to me, especially with the fact that the minute that I got is all international student from another country, like China, Korea, and Vietnam. At first I think mentoring people in the age range between 16 until 17 will be a really hard and tough Job, because people at that age tends to think that they know everything and usually refuse to receive a commentary or advisory from another people.They tend to do whatever they want without thinking about the consequences and sometimes very hard to approach because they think hey know everything best for them and keep everything themselves. In fact all my minute are easily approachable and very fun to have chat with. At the first meeting most of them are a little bit shy to ask or to talk about their personal problem, but as time goes on they become really talkative and tell me everything that they think I would like to know, for example their grades, their living situation, etc.They sha re everything without I have to ask or insist them to tell me about something, which I think is very good and far beyond my expectation. As a peer mentor, I learn a lot about my minute culture and their characteristic. Furthermore, I learn how to be responsible for them and try to be a good role model for them, by being active in class and do all the homework far before its due.In conclusion, being a peer mentor this quarter Is really fun for me and have a lot of positive effects towards me, I know more people, learn how to communicate with people which Is not from my home country, learn how to approach people, and learn how to manage my time, which I think Is very Important for me, especially to be a person which is not only excel In grade but also have a good relationship and willing to serve and help other people.

ADHD in children - a balance between pharmacutical and psychological Essay

ADHD in children - a balance between pharmacutical and psychological theropy - Essay Example This causes adults with ADHD to develop coping mechanisms, and this further illustrates the need for a psychological intervention as well as a pharmacological one (Gentile, 2004). Treatment of ADHD usually involves an array of different treatments, including medications, behavioral modifications, counseling and changes in lifestyle ("Clinical Practice Guideline", 2001). The primary use today tends to be of the pharmacological type, as doctors give ADHD children ones to calm down their hyperactivity, impulsiveness, inattention, etc. However, the medications used are commonly stimulants (amphetamines), which also have detrimental effects on the children, as they cause sleep disturbances, reduced appetite, weight loss, suppressed growth, and mood disorders. These tend to be persistent, and have an incredibly negative effect on childrens lives. This is why ADHD children are also medicated with other drugs that combat the side-effects of the original ones. This basically means that ADHD children are somewhat over-medicated, and perhaps the most astounding aspect of it all is that most of the drugs given to them have not been approved by the FDA! Clearly, this is a most dire need to rely not only on medications, but also on alternative and supplementary ways of dealing with the disorder. As much as medications can alleviate negative biological symptoms and grant the children the potential or ability to stay still, become more focused and attentive, one mustnt forget the psychological aspect of the disorder. Though it originated as a neurobehavioral disorder, it is also a developmental one, and the development does not only pertain to the biological perspective and the body, but also to the psychological one and to the psyche. It is crucial to have an understanding of what it feels like to not be able to pay attention to one thing for long, be hyperactive. It is bound to frustrate children, tire them (one might also

Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Project Report - Essay Example A railway line branch ends at the Tarmac site and the aggregate operations area demarcates Copperfields and the Knowsthorpe site. Currently, the Hunslet Mills (2C,1) has a plan to accommodate 699 new units and further application for 699 apartments, 335 flats and a space of 12,455 MÂ ² for offices on the adjacent site (2C.2) lying between Richmond Bridge and Hunslet Mills. This implies that the area is capable of housing 2,500 homes (LCC, 2006). To be promoted for mixed use development. This includes housing development with different house types, neighbourhood centre at the Cross Green Lane frontage. The Cross Green Lane Frontage will incorporate the green space and flagship development. This area will be dedicated for industrial use that incorporates rail freight, and mixed house types. A buffer zone will be created between residential and heavy industrial uses as a linear park is constructed along the waterfront in the small neighbourhood centre. In this area, there is a proposal for mixed used development. It will incorporate mix house types, new offices, A3 and A4 house types along the waterfront. Research, development, and light industry will also be included. Currently, Yam Street and Hunslet Mills are close to each other, with a non-contiguous boundary with Copperfield College. However, Copperfield College is detached because of the industrial uses and the new East Link Road. This implies that the link road acts as a physical barrier to the two areas. Leeds City Council and its partners require development proposals that progress progressively in terms of quality with surrounding land uses and with the Yarn Street site. Fruitful negotiations with landowners concerning the level of funding from the public sector as proposed by the proposal must ensure that the scheme is viable. The discussed sites present development opportunities worth exploration but still there arises some issues that need

Truman's Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Truman's Decision - Essay Example Critics may give many reasons as to why the President’s decision was not right, including humanitarian ones, but a keen examination of what might have happened had Japan not been bombed reveals that the President was right on several accounts. First, the Japanese initiated an attack on the US by attacking the Pearl Harbor. That was despite the fact that the Japanese Government and the US Governments were engaged in diplomatic negotiations. The Japanese also proved to be a vicious enemy who could only agree to submit under serious attack such as the two Bombings. Another argument that greatly supports the attack is the avoidance of deaths and casualties due to the war. Ironically, the two atomic bombs served to save many lives, both American and Japanese, that would have been lost had the war continued. The estimated mortality and casualty rate due to planned land invasions into Japan was high. Many Soldiers and Japanese civilians would have lost their lives in the invasions. However, the bombings ended the war and thus helped avoid further deaths. One may also argue that the President may have made the decision to serve as a deterrent measure. It served to drive fear into the enemy of the US’s military capabilities . The fear generated thus helped to stop them in their tracks as they realized that any further attack on the US would attract an equally or more devastating attack by the

Effects of Honey as a dietary supplement on improving athletic Research Paper

Effects of Honey as a dietary supplement on improving athletic performance - Research Paper Example Several studies have indicated that honey can serve as a better source of glucose for athletes. From a biochemical point of view the carbohydrate composition of honey has been associated with the positive effects of honey on endurance and athletic performance. Athletes are generally advised to consume slow-burning sugars as they help in providing a sustained release of energy over a period of time. In this regard honey which contains the monosaccharide fructose as one of its main sugars, releases it slowing into the blood stream thus providing sustained energy and maintaining body homeostasis (Anderson, Young and Prior). Apart from fructose honey also contains large amounts of glucose. Both glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides with different chemical and structural differences as glucose is an aldose sugar and fructose a ketose sugar. Both these sugars differ in their energy metabolism despite having a quick burning tendency. In the case of glucose, the rapidly metabolized s ugars are immediately absorbed into the blood stream which provides instant energy to the body. However, the absorption of the sugars is a slow process which helps in providing the body with a sustained supply of energy over a period of time. In addition, honey also contains several phytochemical constituents which also contribute to slower absorption of fructose. In addition to these principle sugars, honey also contains several oligosaccharides including disaccharides and trisaccharides which are also slow burning. Among the disaccharides, honey contains sucrose, maltose, trehalose and turanose. And the trisaccharides include melezitose and raffinose (Sun and Empie; Caron; Bogdanov). Previous studies however, have reported that ingestion of honey just before an atheletic performance does not contribute to any increase in energy levels as it takes time for the honey to digest and provide the required energy. In cases where

Resistance and containment as described in the song The Revolution Essay

Resistance and containment as described in the song The Revolution Will Not be Televised - Essay Example Scott-Heron underlines that a controlled or structured media can never demonstrate the waves of social, political and cultural changes of a nation. The entire song reveals the idea that The Black revolution would be down in the grooves and on the lanes. The whites always regarded the blacks as downtrodden and denied them the necessities of life. Though most of the black leaders had protested against this injustice, they were either silenced by jails or bullets. Blacks used Popular Music as the manifestation of their suppressed feelings and Scott- Heron’s song ‘The Revolution Will Not be Televised’ deserves significance in this respect. Through this widely accepted song, Scott-Heron could rouse the innate feelings of the blacks and the very first stanza of the song makes this grim reality vivid. Readers get a clear picture of the social set up existed with many ‘don’ts’ at the time of the composition of this song. As the blacks ‘will not b e able to’ perform what they desired, they realise the reality that their revolution for attaining racial equality will remain as an oasis. Any one can feel a note of sadness and can experience the dejected state of mind of the blacks in the song; on the other hand, the song has also the power to raise one’s thoughts to a higher level of aesthetic appreciation. As a spokesman of black community, Scott-Heron, like other black writers, portrays the ill-treatment they suffer at the hands of the dominant white community. The very first line of the song grabs one’s attention as one can see the pathetic state of blacks being denied of their own houses. However, there is a struggle to endure the sufferings and by portraying the endurance of the blacks, Scott-Heron in a way is advocating that liberation is constantly countered by implicit (and explicit) forms of oppression that are not always immediately identifiable (Jackson). Scott-Heron uses a lot

M1A2-Program Evaluation Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

M1A2-Program Evaluation Method - Essay Example The impacts of this program evaluation are quite diverse. They include the putting into use several means and mechanisms to be used in evaluation, accepted codes of conduct and also escalating engagement of the various persons in the evaluation process. Technological advancements are quite significant and are employed in the various military forces (Joseph 2010). The image above shows how program evaluation has been used in fostering security. It is important to highlight that there have been lots of improvements associated with the program. This is in reference to the advancements in the levels of technology. Evaluation is quite important to in many perspectives. This kind of development is therefore quite beneficial in boosting the security status. One of the reasons that make it important is that it helps in making the society better and also aids in the developing of the organizational set up and knowledge. Evaluation is consequently in the political view for the managers and other affluent in the society in making various decisions that influence their political function. It is important to note that for proper running of the programs, there must be wise decisions that are made by the policy formulators and the various persons developing programs (Donna

William Blakes history and also compare five different poems Essay Example for Free

William Blakes history and also compare five different poems Essay In my essay I will give some information on William Blakes history and also compare five different poems. The poems I will compare are London, The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) with The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience). I will also compare The Lamb with The Tiger. I will explain the poems first and explain what I thought the poem was about when I read it and using this knowledge I will compare. William Blake was a profound genius to some, and a nutcase to others. A British poet, painter, visionary mystic, and engraver were some of his many occupations. Born in 1757 on November 28th William was the third of five children to a successful London hosier. William grew up in Soho, London where he was first educated at home, chiefly by his mother. From the age of 6, William Blake was amazed and intrigued by spirits; angels and ghosts. He saw and conversed with the angel Gabriel, the Virgin Mary and various other historical figures. Blake was always enclosed in his personal visions and always seemed to be in his own world. His visions and beliefs made William the man he was and the way he is portrayed to the world today. William was deeply influenced by gothic art and architecture and this showed in his work. After finishing his apprenticeship Blake set out to make his living as an engraver. After studies at the Royal Academy School, Blake started to produce his own watercolors and engravings for magazines. In 1782, Blake married Catherine Boucher, the daughter of a market gardener. Blakes life, except for three years at Felpham where he prepared illustrations for an edition of Cowper, was spent in London. Blakes poems were long flowing and had urges of violent energy. They were full of power and moments of tenderness. A poem thought to be like this would inevitably be associated with Blake. Blake was not blinded by rules, but approached his subjects wholeheartedly, with a mind not distracted by current affairs. On the other hand this made Blake an outsider. He approved of free love and sympathized with the actions of the French Revolutionaries but the reign of terror disturbed him. He believed that as all men are born equal, that there should be only one social and economic level. Royalty such as Kings and Lords were seen as being in a league with the devil as they regarded themselves as being above other men. Blakes paintings and engravings, notably his illustrations of his own works are realistic in representing the human anatomy and other natural forms. However his paintings were rejected by the public as he was called a lunatic for his imaginative work. Blakes religious beliefs stemmed from a long tradition in Britain of Christian dissenters whom refused to accept the established church. This tradition was opposed to established religion, was suspicious of the monarchy and the role it played in religion and had long railed against corruption and abuse of power in the Church and Monarchy. Blake lived during a time of intense social change. The American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution all happened during his lifetime as well as the vicious backlash to these events by the British establishment. The Revolutions left William Blake disturbed and unsure of what was happening. English poet Appelbaum said, He was liberal in politics, sensitive to the oppressive government measures of his day, and favorably inspired by the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolution (Appelbaum v). As London shows, however, Blake did not entirely approve of the measures taken to forward the causes he longed to advance: London refers to how the hapless Soldiers sigh/ runs in blood down Palace walls Among many other events which took place during the French Revolution, this could possibly refer to the executions of the French royalty. William Blake died on August 12, 1827, and is buried in an unmarked grave at Bunhill Fields, London. Blake wrote Songs of Innocence and Experience in the 1790s. The main theme of the poems came from Blakes belief that children lost their innocence as they grew older and were influenced by the bad ways of the world. Blake believed that children were born innocent and pure but as they grew up, they became experienced as they were influenced by the beliefs and opinions of adults and others around them. When this happened they could no longer be considered innocent and pure. The poems from Songs of Innocence were written from an innocent childs perspective. The poems from Songs of Experience were written from the perspective of a more experienced person. London (Songs of Innocence) Songs of Innocence features the politically powerful poem London. Blake wandered through the streets of London and sees the streets and even the river suffering under political oppression. Everyone he passes, he sees signs of misery and moral weakness. He notices the expressions and emotions ordinary people are feeling. He doesnt just see the misery of the sweep, the soldier, the prostitute or the baby; he also hears it in their cries, sighs and tears. He puts himself in their shoes and sees the churchs spirit blackened as the institution has allowed the fall of beliefs. He is writing about the reality of London and what the war has done to London. He does not see any life in the faces he sees as he walks, he sees faces of weakness and woe as London seems to have been taken over. It seems even the streets and the river Thames have been taken over by the rich, the poor people seem to be there for the rich peoples amusement. For instance, he describes the Thames and the city streets as chartered or controlled by commercial interests. He refers to mind-forged manacles; he talks of the mens faces and their weakness, marks of woe. William is becoming increasingly frightened of what the future holds as diseases are spreading and the public is becoming disillusioned about the reliability and honesty of politicians. William Blake wants to know what happened to the society that London had, when pain and misery was not the only feeling felt. Blake feels owned, like he is a nobody, he feels he does not have the right to be him anymore. He sees the dying soldiers last breath as if it is blood running down the royal palace walls. Blake has never seen such an unhappy era. He talks of marriage and death, which us an oxymoron as they are both opposites to add effect. Everything natural Blake sees as owned. He has no voice to speak out, no freewill and no opinions. Even if he was to try no one would listen. Blake is furious as he sees nature as Gods creations, Blake is angry that people seem to be owning what is not theirs. London seems to be more about society than William Blakes life but it does have an element of his childhood and how society was portrayed to him. He sees it as a struggle for everyone and how everyone puts on a front as if their emotions are locked away. There is a division between the rich and the poor and he does not see why. He does not see why the rich get priority when there are others in need more. I think he uses his childhood to be able to express his feeling as a child and give a direct image of how the division of classes and status caused misery. Compared to the Chimney Sweeper; London is more about society and politics and how he believes people made the wrong decisions. He because of this he has suffered and the children who are growing up will suffer too. The Chimney Sweeper is more about William Blakes childhood and how he was fooled by the world. It is connected to London as politics and society do come in to it. Exploitation is also a theme as in The Chimney Sweeper the little chimney sweepers are being exploited and being taken advantage of and William Blake seems to be standing up for this; in London, he is standing up for the rights of everyone especially those living in poverty. He seems to want to help in both poems and make it better. He seems like a good person who wants to speak out of the terrible conditions because no-one else will. He speaks out by his writing; he says it all in his poems so it is clearer and more effective. The poems are in comparison as they both contain elements of society, politics and the rights of a citizen; or the rights William Blake believes we should have. Both talk about people in different classes; who have different statuses and their rights and responsibilities they should have. God is associated with both of these as William Blake put his faith in to God but no one seems to be getting the life they deserve. However in these poems I dont think God is the only one to blame, politicians and the government seem to of had an effect on William Blake. Enough for him to speak out. The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) William is writing this poem in the perspective of a young boy called Tom. It is almost like William is talking of his own childhood but covering it up by using a different name. This is how William saw life when he was younger and what he thought of what was actually happening. The child monologue of Tom uses an innocent perspective on what is it like for a young boy to be living in such conditions and politically drastic decisions. William uses rhyming couplets to help the poem flow with ease. He talks of young boys working, being exploited and often killed because of the terrible conditions they have to face. He cleverly uses the word weep! By hiding sweep in it. He is using the movement the young boys had to do with the sound they made which was them weeping. I think this is a clever thing to do as it makes you think of what they had to do and how they felt about doing it. William is saying the young boys were not happy and were very scared. In the second stanza, William talks of how he actually sees Tom and what his relationship to Tom is. He talks about how little Tom Dacre cried when his head was shaved but William tries to bring light to this and make it into a joke. William says Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your heads bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair. William is trying to make Tom feel better by joking about it, and showing how it is practical for his hair to be shaved but it is like shaving off little Toms purity and innocence. It seems Tom has lost his identity with his innocence. Tom did not like the reality of the institutions and William talks of Tom having bad dreams about the other boys who sweep the chimneys all being locked up in coffins of black. Not coffins of white but coffins of black, showing a sad image of how bad he sees life. William uses the names Dick, Joe, Ned and Jack showing deep down they know their identity, but to others they are nobodies. This is an upsetting view of life for them, as they are so young and have their whole lives to live but honestly they cannot see the point of living. It is a terrible life; all he seems to talk of is death and blackness which should not be the things on a little boys mind. Tom seems to have been blackened by the chimney soot literally and in his mind he seems to be in darkness. He can not seem to see the light anymore. There is a glimpse of hope as William writes about an angel who Tom sees in his dreams: And by came an angel who had a bright key, And he opened the coffins and set them all free; Then down a green plain leaping, laughing, they run, And wash in a river and shine in the sun. This gives the image that Tom might have just seen the light and his darkness has been replaced by hope. It is a sad image but it brings hope for Tom like a kind of heaven. To have pure innocence and the freedom in the sun. I dont think this is just Toms view, I also believe this is William Blakes view on how he wished it could have been for him when he was younger. In the fourth stanza William writes of the little boys being naked and all white as if their innocence and purity which was taken away from them has come back. He writes how they rise above the clouds perhaps on their way to heaven and how Tom had an angel; which seems like a guardian angel who says if Tom is a good boy he will have God as his father and will never want joy. However this angel could be seen in a dark way, as the Angel of death, but Tom and William decide not to view it in this dark way and try to look to the positives. This shows Tom looks to God for help and wisdom, he believes in his faith and one day wants to be up there with God. The sixth stanza talks of how Tom sadly awoke from his dream and rose in the dark, collected his tools and went off to work. William writes Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm; So if all do their duty they need not fear harm. I think this is showing how much Tom looks up to the heavens above and at God, as he believes one day he will be up there with the almighty people. He believes if he carries on doing his job and his duties, he will be happy and he need not fear harm as God is protecting him. I think this is also what William believed. William believed he was blessed by God and everything he saw and did was for a reason. Tom I also think believes this. That God is the only one that can help. He can bring the little childrens innocence and purity back and free their souls. The poem ends in hope for Tom and perhaps William. The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) This is very much a darker and more savage vision than that of The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence). Religion plays a big part in this poem and a lot is related to God. William talks of a neglected child and how religion has affected the child. The first stanza talks of the child looking for his mother and father, as they have gone up to the church to pray. From this first stanza it seems the childs parents are religious and look to God for help. The second stanza is in the past tense and talks of the child being happy upon the heath, smiling in the winters snow but then being clothed in the clothes of death; which he means the dark chimney sweeping clothes that have a sense of death. William writes about how the child was forced to work and taught the notes of woe. This is a sad image, as it seems the little child used to be happy and free, but was sent to work as a chimney sweeper and there he learnt the world of sadness and fear. He found out how to cry and be sad which once upon a time he did not know what sad was. However he has been taught to put on a front, to try and cover his sadness and woe with a happy smile so others cannot see that his condition is a sad one. It is like he is playing with death and any moment he could be gone. He feels mentally dead and inside he cannot feel anything but emptiness. In the third stanza, the child talks of how he tries to be happy by dancing and singing; giving the impression to others he is a happy youngster who is looked after well. This is not the case though as William writes: And because I am happy and dance and sing, They think they have done me no injury, And are gone to Praise God and his Priest and King, Who make up a heaven of our misery. The child is extremely depressed yet it seems no one can see it. He puts on a front to please people but deep down he has been hurt by everyone around him; his parents and God. He has been caused injury and pain and does not see the point in life. He makes himself look happy when in fact inside he is dead already. He has turned his back on God as he feels God has deserted him. He wants to know how the almighty God can bring such pain and hurt to such a young boy who has looked to him for help. God is meant to be there for help and advice, what God can make a child feel so depressed and sad that he feels on the inside he is dead already? He sees heaven as a place of miserable people, not happy but sad. Heaven was what The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) was mostly about and how he was looking forward to seeing God and going to Heaven with the angels. However in Songs of Experience he has totally changed his view on life and his perspective of God and the afterlife. He sees no poi nt in living at all-there is no hope in this poem. Just the darkness of a young child. I think this is how William Blake felt about life, after the fall of the church, how it seemed spirits were blackened by politicians and the way society changed for the worse. William is Tom and Tom is William. William used to believe in God and once looked up to him, but when William saw what was happening to society, he wondered what God would allow such bad and harsh things to happen. God is meant to be all good, no evil, but William wants to know how God can allow such terror and pain. No one is happy anymore. Why would God make everyone sad and full of woe? William wants the answers but he cannot find them so he decides the only option is to desert God like he believes God has deserted him. The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) has a lot more hope than The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) and talks of angels and Heaven as being a good place where no one is sad. William writes about God becoming Toms father if he does his duties. There is hope for Tom at the end of the poem and gives a good outlook on Toms life. However, The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) brings a completely different perspective of life and overshadows the innocence. All hope is gone and the sadness and woe is back. God has deserted them, so why should they carry on believing in him when he only seems to be hurting them more? The Chimney Sweeper (songs of Innocence) has been written in the view of a young child who is new to the world. He has been taught to believe that God is pure and innocent and will look after him. That is how the people of society have brought up their children and want them to remain hopeful. Yet The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) has been written by a more experienced person and shows how all these hopes and dreams have been fake and are not going to happen. The reality is how can there be a God if there are so many people in pain? You get two very different sides with these two poems and two very different comparisons on someone who once had hope who know has no hope. Comparing The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) with The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) is almost like a much lighter version of The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience). In Songs of Innocence, The boy who is focused on is called Tom and in the second version in Songs of Experience, the boy is unnamed, its as if he has lost his identity as he has grown up. In Songs of Innocence, Tom seems to be new to the world and unknown. He is fresh and is curious about the world; however he is thrown in to a job he does not like and shown the miseries it can cause. Even though this poem shows the downside and trauma it can cause to a child; it also brings hope. Even when Tom is down it talks of angels letting all the children in despair free and fulfilling their dreams. Compared to The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) it does not really contain any hope or joy. It talks of sad and dark images; there are no dreams and there is no optimism. This shows the comparison as although it is sad, it does bring a little bit of hope to Tom, as he i s young he has dreams that it will be better as time goes on. However it seems Songs of Experience focuses on the dark side of life basically portraying the image of insecurity and misery. Songs of Experience talks of churches and people going to pray making the reader thing happy thoughts but what Blake is really trying to say is that god is not all what he seems. If God was so great, why are people in poverty? Why are people dieing and put in these situations? He used to believe that God was there but as hes grown up hes realised that God has not helped him and as time has gone on he has lost his faith. This perhaps reflects William Blakes view on how on he was opposed to the monarchy and the church. These two poems in comparison show William Blakes faith in God beginning and ending. It shows his journey of why he has to come to the point where he no longer feels God is important and will support him. This is a sad journey and he has used a character called Tom; who I think represents William Blake as a child to portray this. He want it to be known how he feels but I think for some unknown reason he uses Tom instead of the word I because he wishes to be unknown, religion has seriously affected him and in extreme words damages him. He wants people to realise and understand what he has been through yet he cannot bring himself to be direct as in those days, the monarchy and church had extreme effects on society. To speak out against it would almost be a sin itself. William Blake also uses the words I was in The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) as if it is something he used to be, used to believe in. He is writing about the past and he wishes it to remain the past, whereas The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence) talks of the present and the hopes for the future so there is a comparison in tenses. The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Experience) is also a lot shorter than Songs of Innocence. There are only three stanzas where as Songs of Innocence has six. This perhaps shows that as William Blake has lost his faith in God, he has also lost the words to describe this. There is nothing left for him to write about God and he shows this by only writing three verses. The Lamb The Lamb is a sweet and innocent poem that portrays the image of the world being beautiful and pure. It is all very sweet and touching. William writes about a lamb; who is an image of happiness and feeling content. The Lamb is good and brings no evil. William is saying that God can and has the ability to make beautiful creatures. The Lamb I think symbolizes the young and the less experienced as everything seems perfect and nothing can go wrong. William sees the Lamb as an Angel of God and I think this is how he saw God when he was young. He saw God as a wonderful and pure thing that he could always rely on. This is the image portrayed to children. William talks of Gods blessing. He asks the question Dost thou know who made thee? and at the end of the poem he answers the question by saying Little Lamb God bless thee. Meaning God made the Lamb so perfect. The Tiger The Tiger is almost a complete opposite to The Lamb. It raises profound questions but does not finally answer them unlike the Lamb. As in the Lamb it was showing the purity and innocence, yet the Tiger seems to show the hatred and terror of God. It shows the way that life can start so simply everything being perfect, but then turn sour when you least expect it. In the first stanza William writes about an evil tiger that is feared by everyone. He writes that there is no creature or human that dare touch or go near the mighty tiger. God has created something evil that seems to have shocked William. God created the beautiful lamb with its innocence and purity yet God has created something so evil and devilish. So unlike him. William is trying to say that life seems so perfect at first with everything going right, well you think it is going well because you dont know better because you are not experienced, but as you become more experienced you recognise that everything that seemed good wasnt. It is like you have been fooled for most of your life believing in something that is not what it seems in Williams case God. In the fifth stanza William writes: When the stars threw down their spears, And waterd heaven with their tears, Did he smile His work to see? Did he who made the lamb make thee? William is writing that he feels God felt the need to balance the beautiful and innocent creatures with evil creatures. You need the balance of good and evil for the world to go round but do you need this much evil? This much hurt and pain? William wants to know whether the person who made such a sweet and wonderful creature could make such an evil horrible creature. Life cannot just be a sweet lovely experience; you need to have scary experiences to balance it out. Life cannot be too nice so some evil is needed but it depends how much. Comparing The Lamb and The Tiger: The Tiger and The Lamb are the same but opposites. Opposites attract and together the Lamb and the Tiger make life. For nature to have harmony, there has to be a natural balance. William is showing the Tiger represents all the things the lamb is not, and the Lamb represents all the things the Tiger isnt. William feels betrayed, he has studied a faith for most of his life that he believed in, but he feels he has been proved wrong. God isnt evil but thats all William can see in front of him. He feels he has been fooled all of his life until he became more experienced and started thinking for himself to work out life isnt all lovey dovey. The Lamb talks of the purity and sweetness of God hence the Lamb, but in the Tiger, William has come to his own conclusion that God has created evil when he is not supposed to do so. He feels God has taken away his innocence so he will take away his belief from God. The comparison between The Lamb and The Tiger cannot be more apparent. They are totally different animals that portray different images to the world. William Blake knew this and just knowing the titles of the poems gives you an idea of the differences. William Blake I think wanted the differences to be obvious to others so they can really understand how he has lost his faith and why. The Lamb contains two stanzas which are quite long but happy. It is set out as if it is a nursery rhyme and should be spoken joyfully. You do not even have to read it to recgonise this yet in The Tiger there are six stanzas set out like text in a book. It looks a bit duller compared to The Lamb and is definitely not set out as a nursery rhyme. There are a lot more descriptive words than in The Lamb as The Lamb contains more simple rhyming words which are easy to say, making the poem flow with ease possible portraying the easy side of life. The Tiger in comparison is showing the hard side of life and how not everything is what it seems. The Lamb seems to be welcomed with open arms yet The Tiger seems to be feared. This poem shows how God created evil compared to the pure, innocent Lamb God also made. The question William Blake wants to know is what God can create evilif he is meant to be all good? It is like people have been fooled and he is the only one that recognises this. The symmetry of the two animals is shown as a love and hate relationship between God. The Tiger poem is longer and more meaningful than The Lamb poem and I think this is because William Blake wants to express what he has seen and learnt whilst growing up; it is an experienced piece of writing and much longer as he has more to comment on. The Lamb represents the youth and how when young you are oblivious to the world and its meaning yet as you grow up it becomes noticeable and there are a lot of things you find out which are expressed in The Tiger. Comparing The Chimney Sweeper with The Lamb The Tiger The Chimney sweeper shows how a little boy (Tom) views the world and his society. He talks of hope and happy things until he realises as he becomes more experienced that life isnt how it seems. You see the poem in the eyes of a chimney sweeper who is doing a dangerous job and who does not understand society. This chimney sweeper once looked to God for hope until he realised that there wasnt any. When he realised this he turned his back on God and lost the will to live. In the Lamb and the Tiger, William writes about a beautiful creature that has been created so perfect and sweet but then he talks of the evil tiger who is feared by most. This shows how once he thought life was like the Lamb, full of love and innocence yet as he became older he comes to terms with the fact God created both good and evil and he cant accept this. To him for most of his life, God was great. Nothing could harm him if God was there but to him this was all fake. This was not the reality he was in. Both poems are focused around society and God. They both result in William coming to terms that all is not what it seemed. Tom is William Blake when he was younger and is open about his feelings and his religion. The Lamb and the Tiger symbolise William when he is older and how he feels. How society has affected his religion dramatically. I think it is sad that William seems to have lost all belief in the one thing that kept him sane for a while. William Blake wants a God that is pure and innocent, not a touch of evil. Evil is not God, evil is for the devil. William couldnt have what he wanted as he saw a God that creates good and bad and didnt see the point in it so he turned his back on religion and I think all these poems really clearly show this and how perhaps political decisions caused a backlash to him.

Consumer Buying Behavior Comparison in Marketing Strategies Essay Example for Free

Consumer Buying Behavior Comparison in Marketing Strategies Essay In order to help creating new offerings, improving communication, organizing delivery and, eventually, increasing the sale. It is important to understand the consumer buying behavior from situational, personality and social aspects. This paper will briefly discuss the marketing strategies of two giant retail department stores, Walmart and Macy’s, in terms of customer buying behaviors. Macy’s atmospheric settings provide strong stimuli for its customers. First, every season, Macy’s puts up different window showcases to demonstrate its classic and artistic tastes. Also, different ambient colors are used in its shopping environment. These seasonal changes should be able to boost the sale of the fashion apparel. Secondly, Macy’s decorates different themes for different holidays, such as Easter, Mother’s day, Halloween, Christmas, etc. the gift shopping behaviors are likely induced by these themes. Thirdly, Macy’s always plays a comfort and light background music, customers would spend more time into shopping with a good mood as the text points out:† People’s moods temporarily affect their spending patterns† (Tanner, J., Raymond, M. Schuster, C, 2001) On the other hand, it seems that Walmart pays a lot of attention to the shoppers’ personality factors. First, Walmart concentrates on the idea of â€Å"money saving†. Walking into a Walmart, the â€Å"Rollback† tags with two comparing prices are everywhere. The economical shoppers would compare more on the prices. Secondly, customers who prefer one stop shopping might find that Walmart, with its stock of food, toy, auto parts, etc, is more convenient than other shopping centers. Thirdly, Walmart shelves â€Å"as seen on TV† items and dollar items along the cashier to affect the shopping decisions. While waiting in the checkout line, customers are likely to pick up these items as they are categorized as low-involvement products. Moreover, social factors are also well considered by these two retail giants. In terms of social class, Macy’s focuses more on the middle-class families whereas Walmart targets on the customers with standard income. Wal-Mart exclusives have a mean household income of about $57K (Scarborough Research, 2005). Also, the products, Walmart is selling, represent the main stream of a geographical culture whereas Macy’s might satisfy some groups with special subculture interests such as high-end golf clubs or perfumes. In sum, consumer buying behavior is a very important element in the marketing strategies of a company. Situational, personality and social factors will influence the consumer buying behavior dramatically.

Procedures In Accident Investigation And Reporting Practiced Construction Essay

Procedures In Accident Investigation And Reporting Practiced Construction Essay Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Problem Section 15 (1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) says It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees. It is a well known fact that no matter how good and well established a site safety program is, accidents do happened from time to time. There are many factors that contribute to these accidents, not to mention the degree of severity and it is the job of the Safety and Health Officer to determine precisely what really happens when an accident occur. It is important to conduct accident investigations with accident prevention in mind. Investigations are NOT to place blame. Too often investigations degenerate into fingerprinting, blame fixing and fault-finding exercises because the persons involved do not understand the reasons for or real value which can be gained from good accident investigations. Accident/incident investigations are a tool for uncovering hazards that either were missed earlier or have managed to slip out of the controls planned for them. It is also important to have a standardized and proper structure of accident investigation and reporting in order to get an accurate picture of what really transpired in an accident. Inaccuracies will most likely point to the wrong cause of accidents and this will inadvertently cause errors in deduction and also the wrong recommendations being made for the mitigation steps. In order to get a true representation and a clear picture of what causes an accident, there must be a standard in carrying out investigation, standard perfoma to be used, a set of general questions to be asked and equipments to help a Safety and Health Officer in carrying out his duties. By having a standard operating procedure for accident investigation and reporting, and with the help from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH), statistics could be derived and major contributors to accidents could be identified and properly studied mitigation steps could be formulated. This will undoubtedly benefit the industry as a whole. Problem Statement What is an accident? Accident can be defined as an unplanned and uncontrolled event that led to, or could have led to injury to persons, damage to property/plant/equipment, and impairment to the environment or some other loss to the company. Problem that was observed at the Senai Pasir Gudang Desaru Expressway with regards to accident reporting is the communication breakdown that occurs; where the personnel involved does not know whom to call in a case of an emergency or fatality. Could this be because of insufficient training? Neglected induction courses? Ineffective tool-box meeting? This paper will try to find the root cause of this communication breakdown and in doing so will hopefully improve on the accident reporting and investigation procedures. The Research Framework We need to have a good understanding of the existing research results, on which to build new and relevant research activities for Occupational Safety and Health approaches. We also need to understand the appropriate research approaches for producing new knowledge. To make these activities manageable, we use a research framework. A research framework defines the categories of outputs that research can produce. It also defines a set of different research activities. Moreover, it defines what kind of research activities can be used to produce specific outputs. In tackling the questions brought herewith, a combination of primary data obtained from real research undertaken at site in the form of questionnaires and interviews involving personnel from specific department of a company and secondary data from materials taken from magazines, newspapers, internet etc will be used. Data derived from both of these data acquisition activities will hopefully answers some of the questions to the problems faced by the Safety Officers and Supervisors at site. Objective of Study The objectives of the study undertaken are to: To standardized the accident or incident reporting and investigating procedures practiced at site To address any shortcomings concluded from the study undertaken To ascertain the accident report mechanism currently practiced at site Research Questions Special consideration has to be taken in asking questions about accidents reporting and investigation. In order to ascertain where the communication breakdown occurs in an event of an accident, the main question that needs to be asked is: Do you know whom to call in case of an emergency? Is the Emergency Contact List prominently displayed at the site office or the work place? Have you been given proper induction training before starting work? Have you been given talks on what to do in an accident at your workplace? These questions have to be asked to workers of many ethnicity and considerations have to be given to the sensitivity of different cultures and religions. Significance of Study It is hoped that after conclusions have been made from the study undertaken, the accident reporting and investigation procedures could be further improve in line with the Occupational Safety and Health Management principles. Scope of Study This study encompasses the accident reporting and investigation procedures practiced at the Senai Pasir Gudang Desaru Expressway project. Two fatalities have been recorded at the worksite thus far and improvement to the overall work safety is of paramount importance to avoid any more fatalities. Accidents can yield positive results if we learn from what went wrong and prevent a reoccurrence. To achieve this we need to investigate the circumstances that led to the accident and report, record, analyses and correct its effects. Definition of Terms Below are the definitions of terms used for the purpose of this study. SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER a person appointed by the contractor at site to be responsible for maintaining safety and protection against accidents. This person shall have the authority to issue instructions and take proactive measures to prevent accidents. HOT WORK use of open flames, other heat sources and/or spark-producing devices where there is a potential for explosion or fire. INCIDENT an undesirable event, which has the potential to cause a serious accident. LOSS PREVENTION a before-the-loss procedure designed to identify and correct potential causes of accidents before they result in actual injuries or financial loss. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET a summary sheet supplied by the chemical manufacturers that identifies the hazards, proper handling procedures and emergency treatment for a particular chemical. REGULATION a rule, ordinance, law, legal regulation or device by which conduct or performances is controlled. SAFE WORK PERMIT a permit issued as a written record by which the employer or employee in charge of a unit, equipment, building or area authorizes a worker and/or crew to do a specific job at the worksite. It identifies the safe work practices required for the type of work to be performed in the specified job location. SERIOUS INCIDENT a life endangering event to people, property and environment, such as major collapse of structure or plant or any incident causing multiple injuries to workers. SUB-CONTRACTOR a business, firm, partnership, consultant or individual hired by the Contractor to perform a specific task or job; or any business, firm, partnership, consultant or individual, other than employees of the Contractor, working on or around Contractors property. VISITOR any person temporarily on the worksite who is not regularly involved in the daily worksite activities. This includes, but is not limited to, delivery personnel, invited guest, the general public, etc. WILL, SHALL OR MUST to be understood as a mandatory condition. Chapter 2 Accident Investigation and Reporting Introduction The failure of people, equipment, supplies, or surroundings to behave or react as expected causes most of them. Accident investigations determine how and why these failures occur. By using the information gained through an investigation, a similar, or perhaps more disastrous, accident may be prevented. It is important to conduct accident investigations with prevention in mind. Definition of Accident Investigation and Reporting The term accident can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity, and that may (or may not) include injury or property damage. An incident usually refers to an unexpected event that did not cause injury or damage this time but had the potential. Near miss or dangerous occurrence is also terms for an event that could have caused harm but did not. Accidents occur when hazards escape detection during preventive measures, such as a job or process safety analysis, when hazards are not obvious, or as the result of combinations of circumstances that were difficult to foresee. A thorough accident investigation may identify previously overlooked physical, environmental, administrative, or process hazards, the need for new or more extensive safety training, or unsafe work practices. The primary focus of any accident investigation should be the determination of the facts surrounding the incident and the lessons that can be learned to prevent future similar occurrences. Importance of Accident Investigation and Reporting The first priority whenever an accident occurs is to deal with the emergency and ensure that any injuries or illnesses receive prompt medical attention. The accident investigation should begin immediately thereafter. This ensures that details of what occurred will be fresh in peoples minds and that witnesses dont influence one another by talking about the accident. It also minimizes the likelihood that important evidence is not moved, lost, taken, destroyed, or thrown away before the scene has been thoroughly inspected. There are indeed significant gains from good quality accident investigations. Most importantly, accident investigation are carried out to find out the cause of accidents and to prevent similar accidents in the future. Apart from this, accident investigation is also carried out to learn from what went wrong. Determination of the cause of the accident is also an important factor. Preventing recurrence of the accident, improving the work environment, compliance of regula tory requirements, finding out the cost of the accident, to fulfil moral obligation, defining trends, provision of information in case of litigation, reduction of operating costs by control of accidental losses and to express concern by the management are some of the importance of carrying out an effective accident investigation and reporting. Conclusion All accidents should be investigated. The depth and complexity of the investigation will vary with the circumstances and seriousness of the accident. The Safety Officer or other individual responsible for operations involved in an accident should ensure that an investigation is conducted and that when appropriate, corrective actions are taken. Incidents that involve no injury or property damage should still be investigated to determine the hazards that should be corrected. The same principles apply to a quick inquiry of a minor incident and to the more formal investigation of a serious event. Note: The term incident is used in some situations and jurisdictions to cover both an accident and incident. It is argued that the word accident implies that the event was related to fate or chance. When the root cause is determined, it is usually found that many events were predictable and could have been prevented if the right actions were taken making the event not one of fate or chance (thus, the word incident is used). For simplicity, we will use the term accident to mean all of the above events. When accidents are investigated, the emphasis should be concentrated on finding the root cause of the accident rather than the investigation procedure itself so we can prevent it from happening again. The purpose is to find facts that can lead to actions, not to find fault. Always look for deeper causes. Do not simply record the steps of the event. Chapter 3 Methodology Introduction The important criteria in adopting a research methodology should depend on what information we need to collect in order to make an informed conclusion to questions that arises from problems that needs to be addressed. The more focused we are about what we want to gain by our research, the more effective and efficient we can be in our research, the shorter the time it will take us and ultimately the less it will cost us (whether in your own time, the time of your employees and/or the time of a consultant). There are trade offs, too, in the breadth and depth of information we get. The more breadth we want, usually the less depth well get (unless we have a great deal of resources to carry out the research). Study Location The study location would be the project site of the Senai-Pasir Gudang-Desaru Expressway with emphasis on the personnel involved at the work site. These personnel would be the Safety and Health Officer and Supervisor, the work supervisors and foremen whom are responsible over several workers. Questionnaire Questionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. A well-designed questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both the overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. If the questionnaire includes demographic questions on the participants, they can be used to correlate performance and satisfaction with the test system among different groups of users. For the purpose of this study, I have prepared a simple questionnaire directed at key personnel at the work site with questions encompassing various aspects of occupational safety and health such as written safety and health program, managers responsibility, supervisors responsibility, safety managers role, employees, safety committees, safety and health inspection, regulatory compliance, safety and health training, injury and illness prevention activities, accident investigation and reporting and lastly on emergency preparedness. A sample of this questionnaire is attached together with this project paper in appendix 1. Analysis of Data When analyzing data from questionnaires, always start from review of the research goals, i.e., the reason we undertook the research in the first place. This will help us organize our data and focus our analysis. For example, if we want to improve a program by identifying its strengths and weaknesses, we can organize data into program strengths, weaknesses and suggestions to improve the program. If we want to fully understand how our program works, we could organize data in the chronological order in which customers or clients go through our program. If we are conducting a performance improvement study, we can categorize data according to each measure associated with each overall performance result, e.g., employee learning, productivity and results. Chapter 4 Research Results Introduction A total of 10 questionnaires have been distributed to Safety Officers/Supervisors at the Senai Pasir Gudang Desaru Expressway project site and various other project sites in Melacca and Kuala Lumpur to gauge the accident investigation and reporting mechanism. Out of the 10 questionnaires given out, 8 responded. The sample of the questionnaire can be found in Appendix I. Respondence Background All of the respondence are qualified Safety Officers and Safety Supervisors appointed by their respective companies and are registered with the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH) or at least have attended courses conducted by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Malaysia. They were chosen as respondence base on their vast experience and knowledge on Construction Safety and Health issues. It is hoped that their valuable feedback could improve the accident reporting and investigation procedures practiced at their respective site. Research Outcome Response from the questionnaires is tabulated and the result is shown in the spreadsheet below. No Description Respondent YES NO YES % 1 Written Safety a. Management commitment 8 8 0 100 b. Safety performance standard 8 5 3 62.5 c. Employee involvement 8 8 0 100 d. Written safety rules/procedures 8 8 0 100 e. Safety inspection 8 7 1 87.5 f. Loss prevention 8 8 0 100 g. Regulatory compliance 8 8 0 100 h. Safety and health training 8 8 0 100 i. Accident reporting/investigation 8 6 2 75 j. Safety and health promotion 8 8 0 100 k. Return to work policy 8 1 7 12.5 Average YES 85.2 2 Do Managers: a. Conduct/attend safety meetings 8 6 2 75 b. Review serious accidents/near misses 8 8 0 100 c. Ensure supervisors accountable 8 4 4 50 d. Conduct safety inspection 8 6 2 75 e. Recognize safety performance 8 2 6 25 f. Attend safety training session 8 2 6 25 g. Talk to employees about safety 8 6 2 75 h. Follow safety rules and procedures 8 7 1 87.5 i. Require supervisors to complete one safety project/year 8 0 8 0 j. Encourage supervisors to attend outside safety training 8 6 2 75 k. Provide adequate resource for accident prevention 8 5 3 62.5 l. Include safety in supervisors job description/performance 8 4 4 50 m. Review the quality of accident investigation reports 8 6 2 75 Average YES 59.6 3 Do Safety Officers/Supervisors: a. Conduct safety meetings with their employees 8 8 0 100 b. Perform safety inspections of their department 8 8 0 100 c. Take appropriate action(s) to correct safety rules 8 8 0 100 d. Talk to their employees 8 8 0 100 e. Promptly complete and submit accident investigation reports 8 8 0 100 f. Attend supervisory safety training programs 8 8 0 100 g. Conduct periodic planned safety observations 8 8 0 100 h. Identify and complete at least one safety project annually 8 3 5 37.5 i. Review and respond promptly to employee suggestions 8 8 0 100 j. Initiate immediate action(s) to correct unsafe conditions/acts 8 8 0 100 Average YES 93.75 4 Do Safety Manager: a. Conduct formal safety and health inspections 8 4 4 50 b. Encourage employees to submit safety suggestions 8 0 8 0 c. Attend at least one departmental safety meeting each quarter 8 8 0 100 d. Participate in investigation of serious injuries/near misses 8 8 0 100 e. Coordinate regulatory compliance activities 8 4 4 50 f. Conduct safety training for employees/supervisors 8 2 6 25 g. Conduct induction training 8 8 0 100 h. Attend 1-2 professional development courses annually 8 8 0 100 i. Review accident statistics and workers compensation costs 8 8 0 100 j. Serve as Chairperson or member of the Safety Committee 8 8 0 100 Average YES 72.5 5 Do employees: a. Follow all established safety rules and procedures 8 6 2 75 b. Report unsafe conditions/accidents to their supervisor 8 7 1 87.5 c. Attend all required safety training programs 8 8 0 100 d. Submit safety suggestions 8 2 6 25 e. Maintain proper housekeeping at their work place 8 6 2 75 Average YES 72.5 6 Safety Committees a. Do your company have an active safety committee 8 8 0 100 b. If yes, does the Safety Committee i. Perform safety inspections 8 8 0 100 ii. Meet at least quarterly 8 8 0 100 c. Review all serious accidents 8 8 0 100 i. Recommend safety program improvement 8 8 0 100 ii. Monitor safety program effectiveness 8 8 0 100 iii. Take timely action on safety suggestion 8 6 2 75 iv. Maintain and publish minutes of each meeting 8 8 0 100 Average YES 96.9 7 Injury/Illness Prevention Activities a. Does your company use engineering controls and/or administrative controls to prevent or control workplace injuries and illnesses 8 8 0 100 b. Does your company use safety posters, health fairs etc to promote health and safety 8 8 0 100 c. Has a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) been completed for each hazardous job 8 8 0 100 d. Has your company developed an effective ergonomics program 8 2 6 25 e. Are safety and health requirements and concerns considered when purchasing new machines, equipment and chemical products 8 8 0 100 Average YES 85 8 Accident Reporting and Investigation a. Are all workplace injuries and illnesses reported and investigated 8 8 0 100 b. Are near misses and vehicle-related accidents reported and investigated 8 8 0 100 c. Have all supervisors and managers been trained in accident investigation procedures 8 8 0 100 d. Are Safety Officers/Supervisors required to complete a separate Accident Investigation Report 8 8 0 100 e. Are incomplete reports returned to the appropriate Safety Officers/Supervisors 8 8 0 100 f. Are accident prevention programs and activities based upon an analysis of accident reports and injury and illness rates 8 6 2 75 Average YES 95.8 9 Emergency Preparedness a. Does your company have a current Emergency Response Plan 8 8 0 100 b. Are emergency phone numbers and building maps/site maps posted 8 8 0 100 c. Do all personnel know how to respond to an emergency such as fire 8 6 2 75 d. Do your company conduct periodic disaster drills 8 4 4 50 e. Are alarms tested at least once per month 8 8 0 100 Average YES 85% Main Elements Studied The main elements studied are the Accidents Investigation and Reporting procedures. The targeted questions with respect to this area are as below:- Does your company have a current written safety and health program that addresses the following elements? i. Accident reporting and investigation? (75% answered YES) Do managers m. Review the quality of accident investigation reports? (75% answered YES) 3. Do safety officers/supervisors e. Promptly complete and submit accident investigation reports? (100% answered YES) 4. Do safety managers d. Participate in the investigation of serious injuries and near misses? (100% answered YES) 5. Do employees b. Report unsafe conditions and accidents to their safety officers/supervisors? (87.5% answered YES) 6. Safety committees c. Review all serious accidents? (100% answered YES) 8. Accident reporting and investigation All questions in this section are relevant to the topic discussed. (Average YES 95.8%) 9. Emergency Preparedness All questions in this section are relevant to the topic discussed. (Average YES 85%) Generally almost all of the respondents reported positively on aspects of accident investigation and reporting in their respective companies. From having a clear written policies to having an emergency response plan in place are sure signs that accident investigation and reporting are taken seriously and thus, the standards of safety and health could only improve. Chapter 5 Conclusion Introduction With every company taking a serious stand on aspects of safety and health at the work site, so does accident investigation and reporting procedures. From the feedback gathered through questionnaires, the accident investigation and reporting mechanism are properly in placed and practiced. Discussion Accidents are usually complex. An accident may have 10 or more events that can be causes. A detailed analysis of an accident will normally reveal three cause levels: basic, indirect, and direct. At the lowest level, an accident results only when a person or object receives an amount of energy or hazardous material that cannot be absorbed safely. This energy or hazardous material is the DIRECT CAUSE of the accident. The direct cause is usually the result of one or more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions, or both. Unsafe acts and conditions are the INDIRECT CAUSES or symptoms. In turn, indirect causes are usually traceable to poor management policies and decisions, or to personal or environmental factors. These are the BASIC CAUSES. In spite of their complexity, most accidents are preventable by eliminating one or more causes. Accident investigations determine not only what happened, but also how and why. The information gained from these investigations can prevent recurrence of similar or perhaps more disastrous accidents. Accident investigators are interested in each event as well as in the sequence of events that led to an accident. The accident type is also important to the investigator. The recurrence of accidents of a particular type or those with common causes shows areas needing special accident prevention emphasis. The actual procedures used in a particular investigation depend on the nature and results of the accident. The agency having jurisdiction over the location determines the administrative procedures. In general, responsible officials will appoint an individual to be in charge of the investigation. The investigator uses most of the following steps: 1. Define the scope of the investigation. 2. Select the investigators. Assign specific tasks to each (preferably in writing). 3. Present a preliminary briefing to the investigating team, including: a. Description of the accident, with damage estimates. b. Normal operating procedures. c. Maps (local and general). d. Location of the accident site. e. List of witnesses. f. Events that preceded the accident. 4. Visit the accident site to get updated information. 5. Inspect the accident site. a. Secure the area. Do not disturb the scene unless a hazard exists. b. Prepare the necessary sketches and photographs. Label each carefully and keep accurate records. 6. Interview each victim and witness. Also interview those who were present before the accident and those who arrived at the site shortly after the accident. Keep accurate records of each interview. Use a tape recorder if desired and if approved. 7. Determine a. What was not normal before the accident? b. Where the abnormality occurred. c. When it was first noted. d. How it occurred. 8. Analyze the data obtained in step 7. Repeat any of the prior steps, if necessary. 9. Determine a. Why the accident occurred. b. A likely sequence of events and probable causes (direct, indirect, basic). c. Alternative sequences. 10. Check each sequence against the data from step 7. 11. Determine the most likely sequence of events and the most probable causes. 12. Conduct a post-investigation briefing. 13. Prepare a summary report, including the recommended actions to prevent a recurrence. Distribute the report according to applicable instructions. An investigation is not

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Personal Narrative- The Move that Transformed my Life After reviewing my life, I have decided my life defining moment was when my family and I moved to Texas from Oklahoma. I consider this move my life changing moment because it changed so many things in my life. This move set the stage for an entirely new life for me. Moving six hours away from the only home I knew certainly called for many changes. Until I was thirteen years old, I had lived in the same area, mostly Healdton, Oklahoma. After my parents divorced, my mother, sister, and I left my father and moved to Healdton. After a couple of years, both of my parents remarried. Soon conflicts arose between all sides. After several violent confrontations and threats on our lives, we decided the best thing to do was to pac...

The Duke And His Duchess Essay -- essays research papers

In Robert Browning's dramatic monologue 'My Last Duchess'; there are two characters that many people can be compared to in the world today. The two characters are Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara and his Duchess. Throughout the monologue the duke is described as being conceited, arrogant and perhaps maybe even psychotic. While his Duchess is the opposite of him, a person who enjoys life and everything it has to offer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Duke is somewhat of a conceited person because of the comments he makes. In one part of the monologue the duke is talking to a Fra Pandolf, an imaginary monk and painter. He says that his presence (the duke) is causing the happiness of the duchess in a painting that the Fra Pandolf is painting. The line says 'Sir, 'twas not her husband's presence only, called that spot of joy into the Duchess Cheek (Lines 13-15).'; Just by reading this remark you know that the duke is a self-centered person that wants attention for him. In lines 34-35 he talks of how his duchess would thank every man that would please her in some sort of way. The duke gets upset at this and says that 'She thanked men – good! But thanked somehow – I know not how – as if she ranked my gift of nine-hundred-years-old name with anybody's gift (Lines 31-34).'; As you can see, the duke gets upset because his duchess thanks the men who pleased her in a manner that that the duke viewe d as inappropriate because he wanted all of her attention fo...

Treasure Hunt, Pico Question

Title: Treasure Hunt Assignment ? Pico Question The PICO question used in this assignment is In adult patients with short term voiding problems, what is the effect of urethral catheter design compared with standard latex catheters on the rate of urinary tract infection? Define Systematic Review A systematic review is a scientific approach that combines results from a group of original research studies and looks at the studies as a whole (Nieswiadomy, 2012).Systematic reviews are pertinent for evidence-based practice (EBP) because it brings together research on the effectiveness of treatments or interventions and helps clinicians decide which treatments or approaches are supported by evidence (Nieswiadomy, 2012). Titles Found-First Search The following are five titles found: †¢Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. †¢Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections. †¢Cranberries for treating urinary tract infections. Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections after urodynamic studies. †¢Routine neonatal circumcisions for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy. Systematic Review Found-Second Search The systematic review that was found on the second search that specifically answers the PICO question is Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults by Katie Schumm and Thomas Lam. Summary of the Systematic ReviewDescribe how the systematic review applies to the PICO Question (1) The systematic review answers the PICO question in that it addresses risk and rate of urinary tract infections associated with types of indwelling catheters in adult hospitalized patients with short term voiding problems. Types of Studies Reviewed (2) Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Register of trials (May 24, 2010) was searched in addition to bibliographies of relevant articles.Catheter manufacture representatives were also contacted for tria ls (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). How the Review was conducted (3) Selection Criteria Selection criteria were compromised of all randomized and quasi-randomized trials that compared types of indwelling urinary catheters for short-term use in hospitalized adults (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). Data collection Data collected was reviewed and then independently verified by a second reviewer (Schumm & Lamm, 2008).Clarifications were sought and disagreements were resolved as described in the Cochrane Handbook (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). Subjects Twenty three trials were conducted. Those meeting criteria were 5,246 hospitalized adults in parallel groups trials and 27,878 adults in one large cluster-randomized cross-over trial (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). Important Terms Defined and Significance (4,5) Urinary catheters were defined as â€Å"small tubes inserted through the urethra (outlet for urine)† (Schumm & Lamm, 2008).The review further states that urinary catheters are used short term post-surgery or to m onitor urine output in hospitalized patients (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). It is important to define this term because it is a main component of the subject of study. Also, defining a term in a systematic review provides clarity and a clear-cut definition of the subject for those not familiar with medical terminology. Studies Reviewed (6) Full access to this review is restricted without a membership.The abstract and information cited by is accessible for free. From what can be gathered, thirteen different studies were reviewed for this systematic review. Primary Recommendation and Significance (7,8) What this review concluded is that antiseptic or antibiotic coated urinary catheters might reduce the presence bacteriuria of hospitalized adults, and that siliconized catheters might cause the least side effects in men (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). However the review stated the evidence was weak.It suggested that more rigorous trials are needed to make a valid conclusion as to if antibiotic or antise ptic coated urinary catheters reduce the rate of urinary tract infections (Schumm & Lamm, 2008). This conclusion is important to nursing care because it addresses some possible interventions/treatments to reduce the most common hospital acquired infection which ultimately leads to providing excellent patient care to promote and abstain optimal health.If further research does conclude that antibiotic or antiseptic coated urinary catheters are effective at reducing the rate of urinary tract infections, health care has yet advanced another step in resolving the huge of issue nosocomial-acquired infections. References Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2012). Foundation of Nursing Resarch (6th ed. ). Boston: Pearson. Schumm K. , Lam, B. L. (2008). Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 (2). DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD004013. pub3 ?

Life of Pi Thesis Essay

In the novel Life of Pi, Yann Martel uses indirect characterization to portray how the harshest elements can bring out the most primal instincts in man, and the unexpected cooperation in the most primal of animals. This is used to symbolize the close similarities in the behavior of man and animal, although seemingly worlds apart at first glace. It is a constant switch between Pi’s thoughts and Pi’s actions that is needed to extend this characterization to the fullest. Martel does this by showing Pi’s religious and peaceful vegetarian personality in the beginning of the novel; one that wouldn’t even drink milk because it came from an animal. Yet when the time comes to survive he shows much less compassionate actions, one fueled by starvation and the will to live. This characterization wouldn’t have been fully accomplished in the readers’ mind without strong imagery as well. The relentless sun cast over the lifeboat along with the deep blue unforgiving sea is able to help the reader envision the intense wear down of Pi’s outer shell and revealing his inner primal core. Martel uses imagery to compliment the characterization of the tiger Richard Parker as well. The ferocity wouldn’t be nearly as fervent without the image of a 450 pound Bengal tiger with a vigorous orange coat complemented with striking black stripes. These characteristics will drag the reader to a higher level of interest than a basic description alone, as well as a better understanding of the tiger’s sheer strength and beauty. Pi was afraid of Richard Parker more than anything else in the beginning of his voyage through the ocean, for it was the only thing he had known to be afraid of. His entire life had been serene, only being warned of the dangerousness of animals while tending the zoo. These emotions only lasted as long as his food rations, for quickly he realized he wasn’t going to live if he spent all of his time watching out for the tiger. It was then that his personality begun to change. His animal instincts had begun to show when he killed his first fish with his bare hands and ate it raw; a feat he would not have dared to do prior in his lifetime even if the fish had been cooked. This instinct had also created safety from Richard Parker. Richard Parker could have easily killed Pi at any time, but Pi began to show a superiority that kept the tiger from attacking. It was superiority stronger than that of physical characteristics. In the tiger’s mind, Pi was the alpha male of the  boat, regardless of Pi’s size. This was the key element in both of their survivals. Without the constant will to find enough food for both himself and the tiger in fear that the tiger would grow desperate and eat him out of hunger, and the dominance Pi wielded that kept Richard Parker from attacking his only food source, neither would have survived. Nature often plays a key role in any novel dealing with survival. Any method of survival is in adaptation to nature. Without adaptation, there is no survival, and without nature, there is no adaptation. It is the key element in that which is living. However, it is the element of nature that made Pi and the tiger’s struggle to survive even more of a challenge. Bengal tigers as well as young boys do not normally live out in the middle of the ocean, so it is likely that both would have a struggle to survive in their unfamiliar surroundings. Not only do the extremities of nature have a great strain on physical strength, but on mental strength as well. Even the smallest things become torture in large doses. Pi had more trouble with the lengthy sunlight than the occasional rain storm. Although the rainstorm could capsize his lifeboat in one quick wave, it would have been done and over with. The prolonged brightness and intensity of the sun however, could capsize his mind, which is a much more torturous death. Once Pi has landed on the shore of Mexico and rescued, he no longer needs to struggle to survive, nor does the tiger need to depend on Pi for survival. It is then that both animals part and adapt to their new environments yet again. Pi returns to the peaceful vegetarian, and Richard Parker becomes an independent hunter. This indicates that it is the outside surroundings that will often change characteristics of the actions of an animal, but will not change their true personality. Although Pi and Richard Parker changed their behavior in order to survive, they kept their same basic personalities throughout the journey. This shows that although man and animal may seem different in many ways, in the end they are both geared for survival, and although they change their actions quite often to adapt to their outside surroundings, their true selves are unchangeable.

Montessori †Purpose of Education Essay

In the above mentioned lines Dr. Maria Montessori wants to convey that purpose of education is not just transfer the knowledge from person to person or teacher to students but to help students release their full human potential. It is not just that teachers give and students take either way they get understood or not. â€Å"Education is a natural process carried out by the child and is not acquired by listening to words but by experiences in the environment† (The Absorbent mind, p-24, chapter-3). Education is a natural process which carried out by the human individually, no one can teach them. Education should take a new way of seeking and improving the human potential and human life. From the Montessori philosophy point of view potential is only develop if proper environment is there, with environment child also need freedom. Education is a observe child potential during a child development period. Child is very receptive to new learning experiences on their sensitive periods. So we have to carefully observe the child potential and interest and develop them. Every child is born with potential, adult only can developed that potential though right guidance and with right environment. Education helps the child in developing a love of learning. Education is not only done by listening to the words, child also needs practical exposure also. Through practical exposure they will learn easily and get understand in a better way, which also helps them in future also. If we want to teach etiquette to child or how to behave with their younger and elders then we would have to follow the practice first so that children may imitate and follow us. Montessori felt that adult should not assume that the child is empty and filled with our knowledge and experience. It is important to standard that the child has his own potential for life. For revealing that potential they only need proper environment. Potential + environment = development of potential. Environment, potential, freedom all are interrelated with each other. Children like to work as well as play. Dr. Montessori believe that potential is develop by their own ability. Small children are able to have good mental concentration. Child want mastery in an activity for this they repeat that activity again and again and they love that repetition. Child wants to know the activity in detail. Children also love for order. They want their material in proper order. Adult should teach that order properly. After using material teaches them put it back. When child choose the material then they enjoy that material and do that activity deeply with full concentration and capability. Children want to have choice so adult give them freedom of right to choice. Children love to work, they can’t sit idle. They want to do some constructive work. They want material which can help them to grow. For children no need of rewards and punishments. It’s adult responsibility to give them proper guidelines. Children’s have their sense of personal dignity. They also feel bad. They also love to clean themselves. Child get understand everything so don’t take them as granted. Children like silence, they only need environment. Teacher should start teaching from sounds of the letters n then from small letters. Children are able to write and read. If a child gets the material he/she is going to discipline. There are no competition, child get attach with material or with their friends. Teacher should know how she has to maintain discipline with material. Man is born in a civil environment and animal is born in a natural environment. That’s why child take more time for walk and talk as compare to animal’s child. Man move by using their mental ability which he has by birth but it’s not visible and we take as granted. Same way child have their own personality, they only need to develop. Personality consist of 4 developments- physical development by provide them specious space so he can move their finger’s movement etc, intellectual development by giving them freedom of choice though which they can use their mental ability and by giving full information as per as possible, social development and emotional development. They all development is also called unified personality. Child unified personality is revealed by self realisation or self construction. Spiritual embryo means self realisation. A child is in pure form when he is born. Self construction only develops if â€Å"will† is there. A lot of will is developing man’s intelligence, so we have to extra care to child. Mind, body, actions and will is interrelated with each other. â€Å"There is interchange between the individual, the spiritual embryo, and its environment. It is though the environment that the individual is moulded and brought to perfection† (the secret of childhood, p-35, ch-6). Spiritual embryo is a place where mental development is takes place. PDPP (pre determine psychic pattern) is a decided pattern which he is born with it, but it invisible or hidden inside. And for developing PDPP proper environment is required. It is also called NEBULAE. Whatever pattern with they born, they will become that, no one can change that pattern. It is unique potential. E. g- twins also have different finger prints. Same as MNEME, is a super power or through which we remember everything. Its create urge to achieve the particular skill. PDPP is only developed if prepared environment is available. Living and non living things is in environment. Environment should be by prepaid by knowledgeable adult who know the needs of child and according to the child nature not to the adult mood. Teacher should be good observer; she should know the necessary changes in environment. There is a link between environment and child. Child is born with potential, if potential is not there than how they use environment? Only when a child is free to use environment then he show his creativity and potential. Freedom helps the child to improve their potential. Freedom of movement is most important for children. Adult should give them to move from one place to other place. Through this freedom physical development is taking place. But child have to careful they do not violin the rules and should not disturb the others, adult should make some limitations and rule. With physical development, mental development is also takes place. Freedom of movement is also help in developing â€Å"will† in children. Will is involved on their freedom of choice. They perform constructive work with their choosy material. Intellectual development is also developing. Teacher or adult make sure they give them right choice. Adult should try to attract child’s attention towards material. To express their feelings child need to speak. We should allow the child to speak or talk to everybody without scaring from anybody. Teacher should give them freedom of speech so they easily develop their communication skills, expressing thoughts, vocabulary. But teacher should observe that child does not use abusive language and harsh words. Teacher should be good role model. Every child is born with their different personality, don’t force them for anything. Children should have competition with them self. Give them freedom from competition. Order will help in self esteem. Order of his proper environment is very important for children. It should be grouped. It should be arrange in concrete to abstract. If concrete method we used to teach they will learn easily and fast. Adult should provide them practical exposure. Without order very different to learn. He feels safer and also feels familiar. Adult should be a good role model. Teacher can use curriculum also and should be prepare organised. Always show real picture to child. Don’t give fantasy world otherwise they will live in fantasy. Always present real material through which they develop sense of responsibility. Children love to work with real materials. The internal aim of child is developing their infrastructure and mental development. With the help of real material they learn concentration. Every material should be meaningful and purposeful for the child. Real material is helping in developing their senses on their sensitive periods. â€Å"It is in the environment of the maternal guiding instincts with the sensitive periods of the newly born that conscious love develops between parent and child. † (Secret of childhood, ch-8, page- 216) Sensitive period is starting when child born. Parents have big hand on developing child senses. During sensitive periods child life are like windows of opportunity a child get to learn different skills. The child is extra sensitive to the stimuli it gets to learn a particular skill at those periods. Adult should give right guide during this period so they develop their sensitivities easily and faster. In between developing senses child get close with their adult or parent. Main motive of sensitive period is to develop child ability and goal of development as called SENSOTIAL EXPLORE. Child born with their personality so they are ready to learn by birth. Children’s have five senses- touch and organ is skin, taste and organ is tongue, sight and organ is eyes, smell and organ is nose and last sound/ hearing and organ is ear. Child have 6 sensitive periods in which they develop their senses and first is sensitivity to order in between 1-2 year. Child want stability in environment and for that order should be there. So adult should keep the environment orderly so children can develop their confidence level and self esteem. Second is sensitivity to learning though the five senses- senses are active by birth in child. Though senses they easily differentiate between objects. Example- sounds of different animals. They only need practical exposure and freedom for using their senses. Third is sensitivity to small objects- child always loved to choose small objects which they carry easily and can’t able to see big object properly. Adult should provide them small objects. Fourth is sensitivity to co-ordination of movement- children have reason to move. Their co-ordination of movement is only develop if will is there and will is only develop if adult give them of movement. Movement is also helping them in developing physical development. Fifth is sensitivity to language- if child is not exposing himself in language then he can’t able to express his feelings and his language is get spoil. Adult should give them freedom of language so he develops his vocal cod and vocabulary. Last or sixth is sensitivity to social aspects- learning in the play group is the best way of learning and children love to work with their friends. Adult should motivate them for interact with other child and being social. So adult should provide them that type environment through which they will develop their sensitive periods. Sensitive periods show the pattern which chid follows in gaining knowledge of his environment. On the other side absorbent mind is the way child absorb from the environment. Impressions do not merely enter his mind, they form it. They incarnate themselves in him. The child creates his own â€Å"mental muscles† using for this what he finds in the world around him. We have named this type of mentality (The absorbent mind, ch-3, page- 25). Child does not have impressions of environment, they form in his mind. Child develop their mental muscles by own and use in the world. They only want environment for store more and more things in their brain. And they use that collection in differentiating between 2 objects. There are2 types of period. One is unconscious mind period is between 0-3 yr. n which they absorb everything from environment. Second is conscious mind is between 3-6 yr. in which he is in embryonic stage or self construction period. PDPP and mneme is developing in conscious period. PDPP is a natural law of nature. There are 8 natural laws of development. First is law of work is taking place in both physically and mentally. Mind and physical energy called work. Adult should provide them purposeful work, through which child learn about peace, relaxing. Mental stage of child will be seen. Second is law of independence in this law child want to doing anything without any help is called independence. It is very important for child to be independent otherwise he relay every time on others. Adult should give freedom to do it. Third is power of attention. Pay extra attention is called power of attention. Adult should provide them small objects so they concentrate easily in an object. Fourth is development of will- decision make + action taken= will. there are 3 stages of will – one is spontaneously repeat action, second is he take decisions and then he take action and sense of responsibility is develop. Third is they doing work by their own, he discipline himself. Fifth is development of intelligence- intelligence is the ability make judgement an orderly manner and as soon as fast. Respond the stimuli very quickly and very sharply is called intelligence. Adult should provide them sensorial material so they develop their intelligence. sixth is development of child imagination and creativity- dr. Montessori believe that adult should provide real material to child not fantasy or imaginative otherwise child also start believing in fantasy. Creativity and imagination is only developing if real material should be available. Seventh is development of emotional and spiritual life- attachment of child and mother called emotional and spiritual life? Adult should help the child in developing social, emotional and spiritual life by loving and warm. Eighth is stages of growth and development- there are 4 stages first is 0-3-6 yr. is self construction in this period , second is 6-9-12 in this stage child is very comfortable, calm, cool stage, third is 12-15-18 in this period lots of disturbance is taking place is also called teenage for both male and female. Physical disturbance and hormones changes is also taking place, fourth is 18-21-24 children become settle down. They become mature, calm, understandable person. In whole philosophy adult have big role. Teacher should give directions to children. Child’s lead and teacher’s follow. Teacher should plan out the thing or she can make curriculum. Children have to develop himself in peace without any disturbance so its teacher responsibility to provide them that type of environment. Environment is the most important in releasing child potential so teacher showing herself as a growing person, she can’t be stagnant. She has 2 fold roles one is prepaid environment – she should keep such material through which child develop holistically. It should be interesting for child and force to work with material, it encourage to child. Material should be purposeful, aim for it. It will be help in discipline, obedience, mental development will takes place. Teacher should be place right material in the classroom. It will not heart him emotionally. Teacher should be neat and clean. Everything will be changing on the daily bases. Keep material changes otherwise they feel bore. Changes motivate the child and make them enjoyable. Place material according the child age. Teacher should make sure child should follow rules or limitations. Teacher should guide them in a orm manner. New material should be bring for children so become they learn more things. Teacher should give freedom of choice, freedom of speak, freedom of movement etc. adult prepare the environment and express to the child. Teacher need to give freedom of work with the environment. Teacher should be actively passive which means don’t do work for them; let them work to do ourselves. Teacher should have unified personality. Teacher should have active, creative, energetic, pleasing appearance etc. She needs to be knowledgeable or child psychology and child development knowledge should she have. She should be scientific observer. She should have faith in the child or believe in the child potential. She should not have judgemental. She should assist the child to developed his will and towards self discipline. She helps the child towards independence. She should good observer- she observe that how child use material, his behaviour towards material. Conclusion From the proceeding sections one can infer that education is not mere flow or exchange of information but provision of holistic environment such as the child may undergo all round development and his full potential is realised to the child, teacher, parents and the society. Free the child’s potential, and you will transform him into the world† (Dr. Maria Montessori, website-www. montessori. org). The essential purpose of Montessori is that give environment and freedom both are equally important for child development. If any of them is absent child get spoil badly. It is adult responsibility to give them that environment with freedom to use tha t environment carefully and orderly.