Differences between a felony and a misdemeanor Assignment

Differences between a felony and a misdemeanor - Assignment Example The researcher states that there are significant differences between a felony offense and a misdemeanor offense. According to Currier and Eimermann, understanding these differences is important because it helps in understanding the procedural criminal law differences. The differences between felonies and misdemeanors will also determine the magnitude of punishment that a criminal offender receives. Breach of peace is considered a crime in common law countries. Ms. Singh’s case should be addressed by classifying her crime either as a felony or misdemeanor before deciding the punishment she should receive. The aim of this paper is to bring out the distinction between a felony and a misdemeanor so as to know the punishment that one is likely to receive for the crime of breaching peace. Both felonies and misdemeanors are classes if criminal offenses that are punishable by the law. Many scholars note that the differences between a felony and a misdemeanor lie in the possible penal ties that may be imposed for each type of crime. The consequences of the convictions of felonies and misdemeanors will help in determining the difference between the two classes of crime. Different jurisdictions have different punishments and criminal law procedures for felonies and misdemeanors. In order to understand the difference between a felony and misdemeanor, it is imperative to define the two terms as in the paper.... Definition of a felony The word felony has numerous definitions. The person who commits a felony is commonly referred to as a felon (Scaros, 2004). According to Currier and Eimermann (2009), a felony is defined as a significantly serious crime which is punishable either by death or a term longer than one year in a federal or state prison. Scaros (2004), on the other hand, defines a felony as a serious crime that carries a minimum term of one year or more only in a state prison because one year or less can be served in county jails. However, Emanuel (2007) notes that felons may sometimes receive sentences less than one year, depending on the limits set by the statute or the judge’s discretion. Another way in which a felony may be defined is a crime for which federal law may punish by imprisonment for more than one year or by death (Emanuel, 2007). Felonies are the crimes taken to be of high seriousness. Definition of a misdemeanor A misdemeanor is defined as a criminal offense that is less serious compared to a felony (Currier & Eimermann, 2009). Scaros (2004), defines a misdemeanor as a criminal offense that is not as serious as a felony and is usually punishable by a jail term of less than one year, a fine or both. Another scholar, Emanuel (2007), points out that a misdemeanor is defined by comparing it to a felony. The degree of seriousness of a misdemeanor is much less than that of a felony. He therefore defines a misdemeanor as an instance of misdeed or misbehavior and is considered a transgression or minor offense. Difference between a felony and misdemeanor It is important to note that both felonies and misdemeanors are criminal offenses under common law

Paulo Freire Essay Example for Free

Paulo Freire Essay In â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed†, Paulo Freire presents two concepts of education, banking and problem-posing. Specifically, Freire argues that in banking, teachers assume students are passive, take all control, determine what will be learned, and â€Å"fill† students with pre-selected information. Problem-posing education allows people to develop their human natures fully because it depends on dialogue, recognizes the relationship between people and the world, encourages discovery and creativity, and leads to transformation. Freire criticizes the banking method throughout the essay and clearly praises problem- posing in more than just an educational settings. For instance, narration sickness is a term used when the teacher talks about a subject as if it were â€Å"motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable. † In addition, necrophilia is another one of Freire’s exaggerated imagery, comparing the banking concept and oppression to the love for the dead. Freire supports the problem-posing method as being the only educational concept needed. His essay is well laid out with examples and supporting details, but is this practical for public education? Freire says that to be truly committed to ending banking the students must reject it all together. I have mixed feelings. It’s not that I do or don’t support this statement, but I do believe both concepts are necessary at some point in education. Some information presented to students can only be taught through repetition, memorization, and narration. For example, math and science equations are concepts needed to be memorized in order to complete problems. The way a student memorizes it can be creative and active, but it still falls under the banking category for needing to be told how to perform it.

Risk Management in Childcare Services

Risk Management in Childcare Services Adults are faced with a dilemma: on the one hand, children need opportunity to become competent risk managers; on the other, adults have the responsibility to keep them safe. Critically assess whether this dilemma can be managed within the delivery of services for children. Risk management has become a high concern in childcare services. Increasing changes in policies and procedures to ensure that risks are minimized have resulted into children not been given the same opportunities that we would have had as a child when we were growing up. Over recent years increasing attention has been focused on childcare services to reduce risk and ensure children are kept safe from danger. In this assessment I hope to identify what is risk and looking at how society has changed over the years. I will look at both the dilemmas faced by both parents and children’s services, looking at the how anxiety has changed the thinking of risk management. The subject of risk management is causing great concern in the children’s services. Practitioners face the dilemma of given children opportunities to explore while at the same time ensuring that they are safe. When looking at risk we have to consider what is a risk? We face risks in everyday life from the moment we get up. When heading to work either in the car or walking it is a risk as we may have a car accident or get knocked down. Children from the moment of birth face risk when growing up. A baby may choke on their bottle or a toddler may fall when taking their first steps. The severity of the risk depends on the consequence. In our current society parents have become more anxious when allowing the children to explore and learn about risks. Today’s generation have moved from allowing children the opportunity to experience risk to the extreme where children are protected from risks by not allowing them to have the same challenges and opportunities we would have had at a young age. Stover et al., 2013 evaluates asome very valid reason to why this may have come about. It has looked at how parents have become more anxious on where there child plays or goes and the quality of freedom they have, ensuring they are safe from risk and harm. Over resent years it can be seen how attitudes have changed and children are spending more time under adult supervision play area, non- risk environments or indoors in what is seen as safe and secure, replacing adventures play. Children’s play has moved from the positive play also known as risk play where children developed motor skills, control through physical rick, learn new skills and develop confidence. When looking at comments made during learning guide 13.4 discussing wherediscussing where we played at 11 years of age it can be seen that we were given as children were given more freedom and parents did not have the same concerns about risks as they do today. With growing up in the country side it was normal to take risks and was seen as a safe place for children to develop to their full practical skills. We were rarely questioned about where we played, but rather we had more fears of being caught by our parents and getting in trouble. When looking back on my childhood and growing up with my six siblings, I can also state that we did not have any serious accidents due to the risk play rather than the normal bumps or bruises that every child faces. In today’s society attuides have changed due to growing changes and trends in young children today. They are not allowed to explore the fields or visit friends without adult supervision. It can be even said that children today are not as outgoing and street wiseh but rather spend more time playing with the latest technology or game. Modern technology such as internet and influence of media has escalating fears in parents and therefore made them more curious or is it simply of the mistakes we learned as a child and we are being over proactive? Furedi’s (2001) work on paranoid parenting cited in Gladwin and Collins 2008 cover issues on how these changes result from parents lacking the confidence and rather than set boundaries being their child’s best friend. Are we as parents protecting or children or is it our own fears we have of them facing risks. It can be critically argued that yes while parents are seen to lack confidence in today’s society parents are under a lot more pressure with keeping up with media and how children are exposed today to media trends e.g. Through social media, Facebook, mobile phones. When I was growing my time was spend outdoor with friends creating our own play. It was also taken to my attention the article by Stover et al., 2013 (2013) on how parental responsibility has changed from children not having freedom to protect them from risk, but also society has changed to where children today are seen as ‘human capital’. Children are not given the opportunity to play but rather institutionalising children to education. It can be critically argued that while yes this has been seen over recent years but it has changed around again, that while education is an important aspect of live studies has shown that children need play and the value of play is the developmental stone for lifelong learning. Piaget cited in Springate and Foley (2008) research has an important conclusiontusion to this as he believes that not only the play is important but involving children in risks contributes to a child’s development. As citied in Maynard (2007) ‘Encounters with forest school and Foucault article learning guide 13.3 shows how two different approaches on risk taken in play. When looking at the forest schools created by McMillians Sister and the video clip 2 on Risk both using a ‘hands off approach allows children the freedom of play and learning to risk manage. Children on the video also have the responsibility of looking after their own health and well-being. Comparing this to our schools today while there has been develops on the importance of play in the child’s development and through the Plowden Report cited in Springate and Foley (2008) we have changed to a play based curriculum like Foucault suggests in learning guide 13.3, teachers still focus on the sense that we must keep our children safe from harm. In my own setting yes we use the hands off approach but will interveneal before a children comes to risk for example when on balancing beams and unsteady we will help rathe r than allowing the child the risk of falling. While Foucault suggests that teachers like to keep power and maintain control through not being allowed to take part in risks and adventures play I have to critically disagree. As an early years leader I feel that it’s not being in control but rather the pressures we have to follow. We are protecting or children from risk and not allowing them the freedom due to the extreme pressures put in place from â€Å"the social care trust regulations (2012) coming from the Children Order (1995) and it could be said we are keep ourselves safe. Like Power (2004) cited in Gladwin and Collins (2008) states it the uncertainty of known what is right and wrong. As practitioners we carry out risk assignments on a daily basis however we still are responsible if something goes wrong. In my own setting children are be given the opportunity in the outdoor area were we have adventurouses play. We have having types of challenges where children can climb and learn how to be safe. Children make mud pies and have learned that it’s important to wash our hand after so they don’t become ill. We have had no serious injuries beyond the usual bumps and bruises which we would expect with any young child. While we do allow this type of play children are limited to the extent of risk play we can provide. We are located beside a lovely glen where the river runs alongside the playgroup, we are unable to have logs untreated in case of infection or children being able to stand on steps to see the river in case they fall. I feel that this is a shame as it limits their ability to explore and learn thorough the natural environment. Unfortunately due to the minimum standards (2012) and regulations we are unable to experience the adventures play in our local woodland where children can experience climbing trees and explore in the natural environment. This is seen as a high risk to children and the safe ratio is seen as too low. I have to critically disagree as it is a rural area and it’s a safe environment but children are being neglected from the experience like the forest schools these risks gain where children learn about keeping safe through the natural environment. It also defines the legal framework of the UNCRC(1989) citied in Foley (2008) where children have the right to play. As pre-school teacher we are inclined to put away the sharp edge object, not allowing children to run and ensuring that benches and tables are bleached to reduce risk. We have to ask ourselves are we preceding the children or ourselves. Do children learn from protecting them or would it not be better to turn risk into a learning experience for children? Lindon (2003) citied in Gladwin and Collins (2008) studies believes that involving children in risk allows the child to understand why we can’t do something and allows them to value the harm it can cause, giving children the values of life and making their own decisions. I feel that while this is vitally important and we should allow our children more risks again it relates back to adults protecting themselves in case of serious injuries. While we are restricted to how much risk we allow our children and have an implication on practice it can be critically argued like Power 2004 citied in Gladwin and Collins (2008) in maintained has come from failure within the health services. While Both social workerss failing the system causing deaths to children e.g. Victoria Climbie (2003) and Baby P citied in Blewett and Foley (2008) and other high profile cases, but also hospitals where deaths have accrued due to lack of services has affected the freedom of our childcare service like playgroup, after schools etc.. and what was seen as good risks have been come into the classification of putting children at danger. These high profile cases have led to government relooking at Legislation. Government published green papers â€Å"Every Child matters† (2003) Lord Laming report identified changes needed introducing the children’s Act (2004) citied Blewett and Foley (2008) in which made developed the child protection register. UNCRC give children the right to grow up in a safe environment free from abuse and neglect. In 1997 New Labour government relooked at the health services and while child protection was still and main concern it also came into play the identification of children ‘at risk’. Through the Assessment framework (DH et AL2000) citied in Blewett and Foley (2008) give more responsibility on practitioners to report any concerns on child protection issues. While this has been a break in the system for safe guarding children and has joined together multi agencies it has left increased concern for childcare services. Practitioners are worried about getting it wrong or likewise missing something. This again results to adult reducing risk to children in their care to not only protect the children but themselves. While this is the case it has been equally as important for these changes to happen as children today are more aware of what is right and wrong. Stanger danger has become a focus in child education Scott et al. (1998), cited in Gladwin and Collins, (2008), points out it is such a big worry when the objective risk is so tiny clearly demonstrates the distortions of popular risk perceptions. While this has had great impact on making children more aware the NSPCC have campaign on ‘underwear rules’ has been of great impact in terms of abuse as it also someone makes children aware that a person we know can also cause use harm. Therefore as adult we have to empowering children to speak out about abuse whenever it is within the family or by people they know and trust. In conclusion to looking at risks and what is seen as risk management it can be seen that while society today has left more concern for both parents and practitioners there has been tremendous work done in this area. While we still face the challenges of known how fear we can provide opportunity for children to be confident learner, creative and learning from their mistakes and being able to explore freely under supervision but without the direction of the adult, we have to also look at our work as practitioner. Sandseter Hansen (2012) identifies some relevant points where it is seen how practitioners look at how risk decisions are made by the adult as they are managing their own anxieties rather than the risk. Policies and procedures preducces are in place to help safeguard ourselves, but as practitioner we have to be able to define what is a safe risk and when does it become a danger. It can be seen that a lot more work is done with children through different school programmes like the school bus in learning guide 13.3 it gives children the opportunity to learn about risk taken and making the right decisions in life. As disused earlier this will help with parent’s anxieties about their children. Professionals working in partnership with other agencies and organisations will help to ensure the safe guarding of children. Bibliography Springate D Foley P (2008) ‘Play Matters’ in Collins, J and Foley P (eds), Promoting Children’s Wellbeing’ Bristol, The Policy / Milton Keynes, The Open University. Gladwin M Collins J (2008) ‘Anxieties and Risks’ in Collins, J and Foley P (eds), Promoting Children’s Wellbeing’ Bristol, The Policy / Milton Keynes, The Open University. Blewett J Foley P (2008) ‘Staying Safe’ in Collins, J and Foley P (eds), Promoting Children’s Wellbeing’ Bristol, The Policy / Milton Keynes, The Open University. KE312 Working together for children Activity 13.3 KE312 Working together for Children Video clip 2 Journals Stover, S. (2013) ‘Odd alliances:Workingtheorieson unintended consequences ofearlychildhoodeducation in Aotearoa, New Zealand’ .Australasian of Early Childhood’ vol.3, no p4-8. 5p. Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/ Sandseter, Beate E, Hansen.(2012)Restrictive Safety or Unsafe Freedom? Norwegian ECEC Practitioners Perceptions and Practices Concerning ChildrensRiskyPlay. Child Care in Practice., Vol. 18 Issue 1, p83-101. 19p. Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/ Internet http://www.nspcc.org.uk/help-and-advice/for-parents/keeping-your-child-safe/the-underwear-rule/the-underwear- Sinead Bartley (C6449275)Page 1

George Orwell’s 1984 and Stalin’s Russia Essay -- Compare Contrast Ess

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In George Orwell’s 1984, the strategies used by Oceania’s Political Party to achieve total control over the population are similar to the ones employed by Joseph Stalin during his reign. Indeed, the tactics used by Oceania’s Party truly depicts the brutal totalitarian society of Stalin’s Russia. In making a connection between Stalin’s Russia and Big Brothers’ Oceania, each Political Party implements a psychological and physical manipulation over society by controlling the information and the language with the help of technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many features of Orwell's imaginary super-state Oceania are ironic translations from Stalin’s Russia. In Oceania, the Party mainly uses technology as the chief ingredient to implement a psychological manipulation over society by controlling the information they receive. An example of this is the big screen television set up in every person’s home, and the poster all over the city. The giant â€Å"telescreen† in every citizen’s room blasts a constant stream of propaganda designed to make the failures and short successes of the Party appear to be glorious. In Winston Smith’s apartment, this â€Å"instrument† is always on spouting propaganda and constantly brain washing the peoples’ mind. In actual fact, â€Å"It could [only be] dimmed†¦ there [is] no way of shutting it off†. In doing this, the Political Party is in complete control over the citizens’ mind, blasting what they want each individual to think (Orwell, 6). They psychologically stimulate each individuals mind, limiting their ability to think and have a mind of their own. In a similar way, Stalin’s created â€Å"The Poster† and The Pravda (the Russian newspaper controlled by the government during Joseph Stalin's regime) to twist and manipulate the minds of people into believing that what they were saying was absolutely right and truth. Using this power, Stalin and his regime would get people to do anything for them. (Basgen, 2010)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The creation of gigantic posters is one of the most psychological manipulating tactics used in Oceania and Russia with the enhancement and help of technology. In Oceania, one could find â€Å"A colored poster†¦with the face of a man†¦ [Whose] eyes fallowed you about when you moved†. The caption in the poster says that â€Å"Big Brother Is Watching You† (Orwell, 5). In placing poster like these all over Oceania, people are constrained and restricted to their actions.... ...ince and manipulate the way people act, think, and execute. Works Cited Basgen, Brian. Soviet History. Marxists.org 2010. Web. 21 May 2015. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/index.htm "Critical Reception." Nineteen Eighty-Four: Past, Present, and Future. Patrick Reilly. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989. 11-23. Twayne's Masterwork Studies 30. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 May 2015. Franklin, Simon and Emma Widdis, eds. National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Orwell, George. 1984. New York, NY: Published by Signet Classic, 1977. Print. Platt, Kevin M. F. and David Brandenberger, eds. Epic Revisionism: Russian History and Literature as Stalinist Propaganda. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 2006. Internet Sources Consulted "George Orwell." Famous Authors. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. "George Orwell (1903-1950)." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 16 May 2015. Alder, Peter. "Stalin: Man of Steel." Prod. Guido Knopp. Dir. Oliver Halmburger. Perf. Ed Herrman. The History Channel, 2003. Videocassette. Youtube. 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 12 May 2015. .

Government business relations paper Essay

Government regulation has always been an important part of business as â€Å"regulations are essential for the proper functioning of society and the economy† (Ingram , n.d). A business is designed to generate revenue for its employees, employers and shareholders (Chindamo, Pg. 4-9, 2011). In a bid to keep increasing revenue, businesses throughout history have conducted trade using dubious, unsafe, and exploitive methods. In a bid to stem companies conducting business in an unsafe and unethical manner, the government has employed several methods to regulate this issue (Ingram, n.d). Business regulation has been highly debated in the past as there both advantages and disadvantages, but the benefits of business regulation greatly out way its costs. (Ingram, n.d) The government uses diverse methods of regulation, which include advertising, environmental protection and privacy. (Holt, n.d) The government regulates businesses in the advertising of products and services. (Holt, n.d) Laws exist by fair trading to protect consumers and keep businesses truthful about products and services. (Holt, n.d) A good example of when a business advertised falsely was in 1990 when a government investigation of GNB Australia Ltd, Pacific Dunlop secondary had falsely mislead the public through advertising that their batteries were made in Australia, when actually their batteries came from Asia and New Zealand (Holt, n.d). Government intervention made GNB confess that they had been using inappropriate signs, brands and flyers (Holt, n.d). Pacific Dunlop gave actions in February 1991 that involved an obligation to improve its compliance advertising program during five years (mainly on marketing and advertising); remedial marketing; different marketing of batteries. (Tamblyn, pg.157, 1993) Businesses can often leave carbon footprints when operating. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates this aspect of business trading. (Holt M, n.d) They regulate laws about environmental protection through education and have done so when enforcing it through penalties to landlords in the state of Philadelphia America amounting to $14,850 and $5500 for not telling residents of lead-based paint within their properties. (Collins, 2008) These fines, proposed by the EPA on July 28, 1998, are part of the implementation of federal lead-based paint disclosure laws. (Collins, 2008) In Business practice, privacy is an ethical and potentially unlawful issue, private information is taken from workers and consumers when leasing and whilst business transactions are being conducted, privacy laws are another way governments regulate business to stop businesses from releasing this information at will. (Grossman, 2013) Information taken could be a social security number, address, name, information about health, debit card and bank numbers and private history (Holt, n.d). Many laws exist to stop businesses from releasing his information, and people can indict companies for misuse of their private information (Holt, n.d). Those laws in place are another way why governments should regulate business. (Holt, n.d) Without government regulation of the key areas of business such as advertising and marketing, companies could take unfair advantage of consumers. The environmental pollution issues which are an ethical issue would have had no stand point if not for government regulation. Privacy would also be violated which is unfair to the consumer and also an ethical issue, which must be addressed in all forms of business. Hence, government regulation of business is needed to keep trade fair and balanced for the good of the economy. References Chindamo P, (2011), ‘national CEO survey: Business Regulation’, Australian Industry Groupm, Pg. 4-9, http://www.aigroup.com.au/portal/binary/com.epicentric.contentmanagement.servlet.ContentDeliveryServlet/LIVE_CONTENT/Publications/Reports/2011/10259_ceo_survey_web.pdf Collins M. 26/03/08 â€Å"United States Environmental Protection Agency Proposes Large Fines For Residential Property Owners Who Violate Lead-Paint Disclosure Regulation† Viewed 18th February 2013 http://corporate.findlaw.com/business-operations/united-states-environmental-protection-agency-proposes-large.html) Grossman RJ. 2013. â€Å"No Federal Regulatory Relief in Sight.† HR Magazine Vol 58 (issue. 2), pg 24-2 Holt M, n.d, Five Areas of Government Regulation of Business, Viewed 18th February 2013, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-areas-government-regulation-business-701.html Ingram D, n.d, Government Regulation Factors in Business, Viewed 18th February 2013, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/government-regulation-factors-business-2966.html James G, 25/10/13. â€Å"Government regulation is good for business†, Viewed 29th February 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505183_162-28552608-10391735/government-regulation-is-good-for-business/ Tamblyn J et al CH 11, Pg. 157, ‘Progress Towards a More Responsive Trade Practices Strategy’, Date published: 1993 (Australian Institute of Criminology), Viewed 29th February 2013, http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Manuscripts/businessreg.pdf)

Benefits of Having an Online Presence for Your Business Essay Example

Benefits of Having an Online Presence for Your Business Essay Example Benefits of Having an Online Presence for Your Business Paper Benefits of Having an Online Presence for Your Business Paper The different benefits a business may receive all varies with different aspects, such as the size of the business and what kind of business is being run. For example, a small organisation may want to buy it stock from the internet which will drastically reduce the amount they have to pay and the amount of space for the storage of these supplies. However, a business that is already online such as Apple would like to increase their number of customers, sales and profit. Market Presence A lot of public and voluntary sector organisations use the internet to widen their profile and to get more people to be aware of the services they provide. This is a very popular way of promoting their organisation. The benefits of trading using online means are very simple. Global Presence The presence is on a global scale as the webpage used for the company can be visited or viewed by anyone in the world, from any country. This will productively increase the amount of customers, potential sales and promotion for the business. Small companys benefit from this the most. 24 Hour Visibility Unlike shops, websites are on all the time, non-stop 24 hours a day seen days a week so it can be visited at any time which is very helpful, plus this is really good on a global basis as different countries have different time zones. Equality of Presence Regardless of Size of Business A customer who visits online services doesnt judge the company whether its small, medium or large but instead judges on the quality of service, the attraction of the site and on how easy the website is to use. So on paper, a small business can be a strong competitor for medium and large businesses and can even attract more customers. Rapidity of response to customer interest You can respond to a customer quicker when having an online webpage, but it is not been used effectively by some organisations. Websites can provide new, quick and easy ways to contact their customers. An important part of this feature is quick replies. Statistics show that online customers expect very fast responses to their messages and orders. This is good customer service. If the company does not respond or takes too long to reply this can make it very unpopular and lose it potential customers and sales. To insure this does not happen companies can hire staff for this specific task or it can use an automated system. Opportunities to analyse Online Competitors It is much more simple and fast to spy or see how and what your competitors are doing online then actually going to the store to compare your business to theirs. Long before a business has gone online it should check out the online webpages of all of its main competing businesses. So you can see the layout of their webpage, the size of it and what it has in it. This is to ensure your webpage is to a similar level or even better. Also take in mind your competitors can also spy on your company once you are online. The task at hand is to get your webpage at the top of its game and to keep it there. Marketing Benefits This is the advantages receives for knowing more about its customers, contacting them more rapidly and more simply and offering every aspect to their customers needs. Collecting market research information from online enquiries There are a lot of ways were companies can retrieve users information from its website: Using log files and cookies: Both of these methods collect data using the usage of the site by the users, this can provide the business with very important marketing information. Users can block cookies so there not accepted but many sites refuse to work without cookies. However, all sites produce log files. These are files made by the web server that hosts the website. They give information like how many people have visited the site and how long they visited the site for. Website activity software: This produces more information from the log files. It can also tell you which search engine are the best at attracting customers for your business. They can find out using website activity software, which is the favourite of the pages and which one is least liked. Registration and order forms: Many sites ask users to register or make an account; this is so they can access users information. They also offer users an extra thing if they agree to receive regular emails from the site for example a special offer on an item. This offers the site owners with valiable information about the user that they can use. Access to new markets When taking your business online no matter the size of your business, you will be able to grow to reach a wider range of potential customers. Remote locations The internet has become a new way of buying with out the need to exit your home. This means customers can purchese wanted items from the comfort of there house, no matter how far the shopping centre is, this provides those who live in locations which are almost blocked out such as, the islands around the United Kingdom have a much larger selection of goods and services to be provided to them. Customers with travel difficulties People who live in urban areas, have cost problems, mothers with young babies and even the elderly find it very easy to order online as they have difficulties traveling around to get what they need or want. So buying online is their favourite choice especially when the weather is not particulary good which many times is the case. Poor Transport links In many areas, especially small rural areas, the bus services are hardly available or they are really bad and train services are almost unseen or used. While in special moments using such services should be worth getting most amounts of time quick and easy online purcheses are much more painless and time consuming. Customers with disabilities and can not travel at all will find shopping online a very important invention as this makes it unbelivably easy for them. Access from a wide range of devices Modern day technology has made it easy to shop from anywhere on the go. Smart devices such as internet phones or PDAs or Pocket PCs have provided customers an even simpler and quicker way to shop from absloutly any where and any time. Level of response The speed of a companys response and how many customers they can respond to at one given time have factors which affect it such as; Sales features This can either mean home delivery, delivery to a different adress then the buyers or the option to pick when you as a customer want the item to be delivered. Access from a wide range of devices This would mean making the site with different servers to support multiple devices not only PCs. This would mean making it smaller and easier to use in handheld devices such as mobile phones and ipads or other advanced technology. Access out of business hours Help pages which are previously written to answer the most asked questions, or a blogging page where customers can answer each others questions and help each other, would mean that customers can get 24 hour assistance daily without the need of a member of the staff team being in attendance. Access from around the world Business who plan to sell globaly or plan to provide services on a global scale can do so in a quick and easy way online and customers can access the information they need from anywhere in the world. Rapid response to orders and enquires Email services and the usage of customers needing to register means the responce can be far more quick. Websites that sell such as ebay, not only use email providers to message you they also have there own messaging service which would mean far more quicker response and the chance of the customer spotting it a lot more higher. Online order tracking Postages can be tracked and followed on a real life time map which follows the journey of the delivery of the customers order. This is done by attaching a tracking device or chip to the postage. Customers can follow this progress on either partner websites or the website having there own application which shows them this information. Financial advantages Improved cash flow through fewer bad debts Less thefts and tricks can be used if it is online. As the customer has to provide the debit or credit card details before purchase and the money is taking off accordingly to the delivery of the item in the b2c transactions you will not have to worry about not being paid or being tricked as much. Freedom of low-cost location Having a complete online business will mean you can have your delivery head quarters or base in cheap locations. For example, HMV and Tesco have theres in Jersey which has lower tax then the one in the UK which means they save money. Lower overheads The amount of staff needed are much more less in an online business, so less pay checks will mean more money for the company. Online companies use call centres to help customers even these can be automatic and previously recorded. This can greatly save a business in cost. Rapid payment To be able to purchase items online you need to make payments quickly, one click payments. This will mean a business can govern there money and control there cash flow with more ease and it will disable the need to loan money. No expensive cash handling The seller doesnt have real cash to deal with instead the money is transferred from the buyers account to the sellers bank account. This will protect seller against fraud or theft and make it easier to sort your money out plus the cost of storing the cash out is removed. Ease of entry Making your entrance into a new and a wider scaled market is far easier online. The internet has provided small business with huge posibilities to grow like the big organisations and it offers them the chance to compete with them and maybe get further and more larger then them.

Understanding Uniform Probability

Understanding Uniform Probability A discrete uniform probability distribution is one in which all elementary events in the sample space have an equal opportunity of occurring. As a result, for a finite sample space of size n, the probability of an elementary event occurring is 1/n. Uniform distributions are very common for initial studies of probability. The histogram of this distribution will look rectangular in shape. Examples One well-known example of a uniform probability distribution is found when rolling a standard die. If we assume that the die is fair, then each of the sides numbered one through six has an equal probability of being rolled. There are six possibilities, and so the probability that a two is rolled is 1/6. Likewise, the probability that a three is rolled is also 1/6. Another common example is a fair coin. Each side of the coin, heads or tails, has an equal probability of landing up. Thus the probability of a head is 1/2, and the probability of a tail is also 1/2. If we remove the assumption that the dice we are working with are fair, then the probability distribution is no longer uniform. A loaded die favors one number over the others, and so it would be more likely to show this number than the other five. If there is any question, repeated experiments would help us to determine if the dice we are using are really fair and if we can assume uniformity. Assumption of Uniform Many times, for real-world scenarios, it is practical to assume that we are working with a uniform distribution, even though that may not actually be the case. We should exercise caution when doing this. Such an assumption should be verified by some empirical evidence, and we should clearly state that we are making an assumption of a uniform distribution. For a prime example of this, consider birthdays. Studies have shown that birthdays are not spread uniformly throughout the year. Due to a variety of factors, some dates have more people born on them than others. However, the differences in popularity of birthdays are negligible enough that for most applications, such as the birthday problem, it is safe to assume that all birthdays (with the exception of leap day) are equally likely to occur.

Postwar Petroleum Order

Postwar Petroleum Order Post-1945, there emerged an international oil establishment named the postwar petroleum order. Before 1939, the output of petroleum in the Middle Eastern countries was not high and the region contributed only a marginal share to the world petroleum production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Postwar Petroleum Order specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before the postwar years, British Petroleum (BP) was the dominant player in the petroleum market however, after the war, five American companies broke BP’s monopoly. This postwar order was characterized by a corporate consolidation of the major oil companies in the Middle East. The primary aim of the order was to maximize the production of petroleum in the Persian Gulf and supply the increased postwar energy requirement of the Europe (Citino 137). By 1948, United States had become one of the major importers of petroleum from the Middle Eastern countries. The era of C old War diplomacy saw a rise in the energy requirement of the country, which made the rich oil resources of the Gulf indispensable to the endeavor (Painter Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 489). The oil from the gulf was important as this provided a cheap source to help reconstructing the damage World War II had done on Europe. Further, defending the tattered Europe after the war was essential to guarantee development in the US. The postwar petroleum order consisted of a tangible infrastructure resource to deliver oil to the European countries. The only infrastructure that supported the petroleum order then was the Suez Canal, and two other pipelines in the Middle East (Citino 137). The political volatility of the Middle East in the postwar years only created greater problems for the petroleum order. Further, the creation of Israel in 1948 only added to the problems of the order as the Arab League members were skeptical of the Jewish nation and created a state embargo on supplying p etroleum to the Western countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the postwar petroleum order, marred by volatility in oil supply due to regional conflict and political condition of the Gulf, was annihilated. Thus, post 1970s the United States under the administration of President Bush started diversifying the oil sources. This ended the postwar petroleum order to bring forth a new order. This paper probes into the postwar petroleum order. Initially the paper will concentrate on delineating the reasons behind rise of the post petroleum order and the reasons that contributed to their downfall. The paper will then discuss what the new petroleum order was and the reasons why this order came into being. Then drawing from the reasons of rise and demise of postwar petroleum order, the paper will try to intuitively understand the probable fate of the new order. Ris e and Fall of the Postwar Petroleum Order One of the key outcomes of the World War II was postwar control over natural resources (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 486). The prewar and postwar petroleum order saw a marked coalition between the United States and Great Britain to control the production and supply of oil in the market in order maintain stability in the oil market. In 1944, the two countries were signatories of the Petroleum Agreement, which formally established the joint control over the oil resources of the Gulf. Thus, the emergence of an Anglo-American collaboration created a postwar oil order (Citino 139). As early as 1933, Standard Oil of California had signed agreement with the King of Saudi Arabia, as the US oil companies were skeptical of the influence of the United Kingdom over the Saudi oil reserves due to the financial constraints of the Arab king. In 1943, the US government survey pointed out that the Middle East had become the â€Å"center of gravi ty† and the â€Å"world oil production† was â€Å"shifting from the Gulf-Caribbean region to the Middle East† (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 493).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Postwar Petroleum Order specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before World War II, the US government provided diplomatic support to the private US companies like Standard Oil Company of California and Texas Company, to receive concession in foreign countries. However, with the end of the war, the US government entered into an agreement with Britain to collaborate and not compete in pursuing the oil resources in Middle East. However, this Anglo-American oil agreement was opposed by private US companies, who feared would reduce oil prices, due to cheap imports from Gulf due to government intervention (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 493). These issues were believed to be strong by a few members of the Cong ress, which resulted in a return to the Open Door diplomacy where private companies would operate in security, and profitably as government, initiative was limited to indirect involvement with oil matters in the Gulf. However, the US government had to take an active interest in the volatile political situation in the Middle East due to rise in Islamic nations. During the World War II, Iran was occupied by the erstwhile USSR and the UK. Strategic analysts believed Iran to be vital for both the US and the USSR due to the critical geopolitical location of the country and its abundant oil resources. Right after the war, in the early forties, Iran too wanted to attract US oil companies in order ease the influence of the USSR and Britain. US on the other hand, wanted to remove foreign influence and military occupancy in Iran, sought to influence the Iranian government to recover the natural resources. The Truman Doctrine helped the US established its control over the northern region of Ir an, Turkey, and Greece, therefore, establishing control over the eastern parts of the Mediterranean and Middle East (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 495). This helped the country to retain control over the oil resources in the Middle East and prevented the entry of the USSR in the region. The reason for this political move of the US was vested with two intent – first was to ease off the balance of payment problems of the country through increasing business of oil through US companies in the US, and second, keeping the Soviet out of Middle East thus, establishing control, in order to establish a military base, which can launch an attack on Soviet Russia in the event of a war (Citino 140).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was the time when there occurred all the â€Å"great oil deals† in order to secure the expansion of the oil supply in Middle and Near East. The result of this was the formation of the private system of an international production management that helped in oil production in Middle East and its incorporation with the global market. The US government strategically gained control over half of the oil share in Middle East by coordinating with the large private oil companies and the oil rich Arab nations. The postwar petroleum order was a profitable venture for the US oil companies and a political and strategic success for the US until the formation of Palestine in 1947. President Truman supported the UN plan to partition Palestine into two parts and recognize the state of Israel was the first step to offend the Arab partners. This created an opening for the USSR to enter the Middle Eastern oil industry in 1950 and 1960s. This helped in the expansion of the automobile industry in Western Europe and Japan in between 1950 and 1970 (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 498). The main issue with the arrangement of the west with the Middle East arose with the rise of the question of limiting western military capability in the Middle East and the declining power of Britain. The main issue that the US faced strategically was not military threat from the USSR, rather the growth of anti-Western feeling and Islamic nationalism in the Middle East. This instilled a fear among the US policymakers that this rise of Arab nationalism could facilitate the expansion of the Soviet in the region. Both Britain and the US wanted retain control over the Middle Eastern oil resources for strategic reasons, but disagreed on the nature of diplomacy to be used to counter the rise of nationalism in the region (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 499). The US was in favor of meeting the demand of the nationalists of higher share in profits from the oil industry as long as they did not post a threat to the US strategic control and the operations of the private corporate in the Middle East. On the other hand, Britain’s balance of payment was more dependent on the oil revenues from the Gulf and therefore, was reluctant to give into the demand of the nationalists. The Anglo-Iranian oil venture was critical for Britain as this was its most important overseas investment and the country’s balance of payment was largely dependent on it (Painter, â€Å"Oil, Resources, and the Cold War† 499). United States too shared similar apprehensions regarding the rising Arab nationalism but it was more concerned with the effect the forceful reverse-nationalization in Gulf by Britain would have on the emerging turmoil in Iran (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 499). The US believed any adverse move by the British would undermine the position of the Iranian shah enhancing the position of the pro-Soviet Tudeh party, and may result in an interven tion from within the region. The nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian nationalist leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser, created problems for the passage of oil from the Gulf to the West, as the canal was the chief passage for the western companies. To worsen the situation, Britain along with France and Israel developed a plan to gain control over the canal and avenge Nasser’s action through military retaliation. Due to this, Syria and Saudi Arabia stopped their supply of oil to these countries. Britain and France believed that the US would help them by supplying oil during the war torn years. However, President Eisenhower refused to provide petroleum to Britain and France and threatened to cut away all aid to Israel if they did not refrain from the attack. This strong pressure from the US government helped to stop the impending war, and major oil companies supplied Europe with oil as long as the canal did not open. The Suez crisis was a burning example to the western world the rising Arab nationalism posed to the western world. Thus, it altogether was a threat to US plans to rebuild Western Europe with the oil from the Gulf. Nasser pushed the cause of Arab nationalism to gain control of their oil resources and use to further political agenda of the Middle East. The main aim was to reduce western dominance in their oil resources, economic development of the Arab nations who were not rich in natural resources, and annihilation of Israel (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 501). The fear was surmounted due the mutual distrust between the USSR and the US. The latter constantly feared that turmoil in the Middle East would open the doors for the Soviet and their allies to take control over the oil rich region, adding to their military and economic position. The US was always skeptical of the Soviet influence in the region, and therefore, Eisenhower helped the rise of the conservative Islamists in the region to drive away communism and nationalism fr om the region (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 500). The key rout through which oil was marketed to the Western Europe was through Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 501). For formation of the United Arab Republic through the joining of Syria and Egypt in 1958 only created additional problem to the oil route. Further, a coup on the pro-west monarchy of Iraq through a nationalist revolution in July 1958 created additional problems. US assumed Nasser’s interference in the coup but refrained from any military retaliation, as it would have destabilized the situation further. However, the leaders of the nationalist party who helped the coup, agreed to respect the agreement with US and Britain regarding oil supply from the country (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 502). Both the western countries sent army to Lebanon and Jordan, to reestablish control over the region (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 502). Howeve r, the possibility of communist control of Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries posed a special problem, especially during the Cold War era. Iraq posed a threat to the Arab nationalism and garnered support from Britain who viewed Nasser of Egypt as a greater threat. However, the US believed that communist inclination of the Iraqis could pose a greater threat to the volatile condition of the Middle East and by extension to the oil issue of the west. With the disassociation of General Abd aI-Karim Qasim from the Baghdad Pact and his increasing association with the Iraqi Communist Party created further drift between Nasser and Qasim (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 502). In 1961, after Kuwait gained sovereignty, Qasim declared that Kuwait was a part of Iraq. Kuwait being the fourth largest oil producing country was the largest supplier to Britain (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 503). If Kuwait was to become a part of Iraq, it would be an unprofitable situation f or Britain and US, and so they sent troops to Kuwait to safeguard the country from Iraqi attack (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 503). The Arab League quickly followed suit with troops from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and United Arab Emirates, thus helping in successful evacuation of troops from Kuwait, yet maintain control over their stakes in Kuwait’s oil resoruces (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 503). The US along with Britain aimed to annihilate the rising power of Qasim and the communist party in Iraq, and therefore brought forth the Bath Party in 1963. With the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Producing Countries (OPEC) consisting of the major oil producing and exporting countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela in Baghdad in 1960 (Painter Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 504). OPEC gained power over the prices of oil in the international market, reducing the dominance of the western oil companies to control the internationa l oil prices; it was greatly detrimental to the goals of Arab nationalism. Further, the breaking up of the United Arab Republic and the building of super tanks that could bypass the Suez Canal created further impediment on the nationalist agenda. Thus, it was in the 1960s that the fears of any further soviet take over of the Middle Eastern oil, almost subsided. The New Oil Order The postwar petroleum order thus, emerged through a continuous process of political diplomacy in the Middle East which primarily aimed at gaining control over the oil resources by the US and Britain. The US employed soft diplomacy to control the oil resources of the Middle East and their desire to keep communism away from the region led to various event, which eventually led to the demise of the order. The aim of the US and Britain was simply to establish themselves as the leaders in oil production in the world during the postwar era (Painter, â€Å"Oil and the American Century† 24-26). Some critics o f American policy believe that the soft political approach of America to intervene in the Middle Eastern issues and the creation of the postwar oil order was simply a vehicle to establish American hegemony in the world (Kubursi and Mansur 8). Britain was completely out of the political scenario by 1979, when after the gradual fall of the appeal of the Arab nationalists, there arose a wave of Islamist allegiance in the Middle East. The Suez crisis in 1957 clearly demonstrated that the US would not deter from using force on Middle East if there was a need for it, as was pointed out by President Eisenhower in 1957: â€Å"I think you have, in the analysis presented in the letter, proved that should a crisis arise threatening to cut the Western world off from the Mid East oil, we would have to use force.† (Kubursi and Mansur 8). This point of view came into effect almost two decades later in the conflict between the USSR and US on Afghan soil, after the fall of the shah of Iran to the rising Islamic forces. Many believe that hegemonic control over the Middle Eastern oil remains the source of global power for the US (Kubursi and Mansur 9). Thus, the picture became clearer in 1973 when OPEC quadrupled the prices of oil in the wake of Israel-Arab conflict (Kubursi and Mansur 9). Critics of American hegemony in Middle East have pointed out that the Gulf War orchestrated against Iraq in the nineties was aimed at establishing democracy in an authoritarian rule of Saddam Hussein and the western intervention aimed to safeguard Kuwait from the autocratic, illegal, invasion but the a means to control over the Kuwaiti oil resources (Frank 268). Had the intentions of the western allies and champions of democracy been pure they would have waged similar war against South Africa for continued apartheid policy, or Iraq’s invasion of Iran, or the USSR’s invasion in Afghanistan (Frank 268). Thus, evidently the reason was oil and managing some other domestic econ omic problems (Frank 271). Iraq was also trying to handle the economic pressure that oil industry had posed on its economy due to the recession (Billion 691). The oil politics shaped the foreign policy of the US in the postwar era. The petroleum order then created was through soft politics, which established the private, oil companies from the US to have control over petroleum from the world’s oil rich regions. However, with the Gulf War, political and military volatility, and increasing dependence of the US on the oil resources of the Middle East created major economic problems for US. Further, the rise of OPEC as a monopolistic controller of the oil supplies globally also posed a major problem to the hegemonic control of the US over the oil resources. This led to the establishment of the new oil order by the Bush administration to maintain their supremacy and continue the flow of oil to the western hemisphere. The aim of the US was to look for new oil rich regions that woul d become sources of cheap oil. However, the lessons from the past history of the control over oil has led to believe that even if initial control can be established over the poor, but oil rich regions, eventually they emerge as a force in the world politics undermining the hegemony of the west. Billion, Phhillipe Le. Corruption, Reconstruction and Oil Governance in Iraq. Third World Quarterly 26.4-5 (2005): 685 – 703. Print. Citino, Nathan J. Defending the ‘postwar petroleum order’: The US, Britain and the 1954 Saudi†Onassis Tanker deal. Diplomacy and Statecraft 11.2 (2000): 137-160. Print. Frank, Andre Gunder. Third World War: A political economy of the Gulf War and the new world order. Third World Quarterly 13.2 (1992): 267-282. Print. Kubursi, Atif A. and Salim Mansur. Oil and the Gulf War: An American Century or A New World Order. Arab Studies Quarterly 15.4 (1993): 1-17. Print. Painter, David S. Oil, Resources, and the Cold War. T (2010):. Leffler, Me lvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad. The Cambridge History of the Cold War 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 486-506. Print. - . Oil and the American Century. The Journal of American History 99.1 (2012): 24-39. Print.

Felony Inmates Reintegration Back Into Society Essay

Felony Inmates Reintegration Back Into Society - Essay Example There are various felony crimes that could be committed and that have been committed. According to Criminal Law Attorney, felony crimes constitute offenses which are more serious and heavier than misdemeanor crimes like public intoxication and petty theft (2012). The penalty for felony crimes includes fines, incarceration and other punitive punishments. A person convicted of felony crime in a court of law is referred to as a felon (Hattery & Smith, 2010). The rights of convicted felons would often be revoked, for example, the right to vote, the right to bear arms and the right to offer service in the military. Felony crimes could be categorized according to the degree which shows the severity of crime. Of all the felony crimes in this categorization, the most serious are first degree crimes. The definitions of these degrees vary depending on the state or federal laws applicable and also depending on the presiding jurisdiction. While some felony offenders would be tried through the system of state criminal justice, others would be tried through the federal court system. These would be governed by state laws and federal laws respectively. This means that despite the similarity in some types of felony crimes, the outcome could be different depending on where they were tried. Similarly, these crimes could be categorized into two; ones that are violent by intent or act and those ones that are not. Non-violent felony crimes are usually considered as white collar crimes. They would mostly be committed in businesses or professional set-ups with the aim of gaining financially at the expense of another person’s loss. ... These convictions make up about 4% of federal convictions as compared to over 16% in state convictions (Hattery & Smith, 2010). Arson refers to an offense that involves maliciously damaging a building, vessel, inhabited structure or any property through fire or explosive (Travis & Visher, 2005). There are other felony offenses that are neither violent in nature nor intent and include burglary, fraud, forgery and larceny. O’Brien (2010) observed that about 67% of convictions for property felony crimes lead to incarceration. Other non-violent crimes include drug trafficking and possession and about 90% of those convicted of crimes related to drugs face incarceration (Hattery & Smith, 2010). The penalties for felony have been classified into tiers depending on each state’s arrangement. They are often categorized in alphabetical and numerical classes like Class 1, Class A and first degree felony, with crimes in a class bearing similar punishment. Other categories could incl ude Class 2, Class B and second degree classes and Class 3, Class C and third class felonies. Murder felony charges and capital punishment would be in their own category. Federal felony classifications have crimes divided from Class A to Class E charges, which determine the fine to be charged depending on the severity of crime and the offender’s prior criminal records. Generally, felonies convicted on State level are less harsh than Federal punishments (Allard, 2002). How well do inmates regain or create family bonds after incarceration? The terms of incarceration for felony cases vary greatly but usually above one year and could even go to one having a life sentence. According to Scirmer, Nellis and Mauer, M. (2009), 1.7 million American children had their

Toyota Prius Marketing Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Toyota Prius Marketing Campaign - Essay Example Private owners and fleet owners have been selected as the target audience. The private owners belong to the affluent and prosperous middle class. This segment is highly conscious of factors like performance, cost, reliability, and efficiency. Fleet owners desire a product that has reduced operational and maintenance costs. Advertising, public relations, and direct marketing have been selected as the communication methods due to their broader reach, loyal customer base, and flexibility in advertising content. Television, newspapers, outdoor billboards, and email marketing are the appropriate mediums for advertisement and promotion. The direct marketing strategy will encompass various activities and processes. At the basic level, market research will be conducted about the consumer segments. Toyota has identified private owners and fleet buyers as the main segments which will be penetrated and researched. The first part of the implementation should seek to collect the statistics on the behavior, lifestyle, and attitudes of consumer segments. Market research will help Toyota to capitalize on its strengths in order to overcome limitations. A multifaceted and multidirectional strategy will help to produce superior business outcomes. Advertising, direct marketing, and public relations have been selected as the communication methods for promoting Toyota Prius.

Urbanization in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Urbanization in China - Essay Example Urbanization of the middle class has significant effects on the economic development of the country. China, for instance, is one of the most populous countries in the world with many people living in urban areas. Most of the people in those urban areas are the learned, trading in various businesses. Taking advantage of the country’s first growing economy and modernization, the country has recorded a significant growth. There is a tentative exchange of ideas, which is an essential tool for development. Nevertheless, China has made use of urbanization to achieve modernization. On the other hand, modernization helps in developing urban centers (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). Since the rise of modernization since the industrial revolution, there has been a shift of people to urban areas to work in the industries and open up new businesses. However not all the people go, but only the learned, skilled and experienced. This is mainly the middle-class group, leaving behi nd the old, young and the disabled (Barton et al., 2013). Although the country gained from this drift, it has continuously faced many challenges. Irrespective of the challenges, urbanization has done better than harm. Increased number of people in the urban cities creates markets for readily available products and services. Essentially, middle-class people are the average people whose consumption levels are significantly higher than the aged and the young. These people are active members of the consuming classes, with sufficient income to purchase the basic needs and spare some for other luxuries. This implies that this increase in consumer classes drives a drastic growth in demand for several goods and services to meet their rising demands. To balance this demand, businesses have to sprout up to supply the required products and services to satisfy the customers.

Why are there many homeless people in big cities likeLA Essay

Why are there many homeless people in big cities likeLA - Essay Example Therefore, as a conscious citizen, I am concerned with the issue of the increase of homeless people in big cities, and I believe the improvement of the situation will result in the improvement of life of the entire society as well as the country’s economy. Among the main causes of high rates of homelessness in big cities are the following ones: lack of affordable housing, poverty, and unemployment. For many people who experience the problem of homelessness, the affordable housing crisis is what leaves them without shelter because of high housing costs. In addition to this, in big cities, such as Los Angeles, affordable housing is replaced by upscale and high-cost apartments, in which people with low incomes cannot afford to live. Poverty contributes to high rates of homelessness in LA as well because poor people have no money to pay for housing that takes a great proportion of income. Finally, unemployment, closely connected to poverty, is one of the reasons rates of homelessness increase due to the fact that lack of jobs and falling incomes lead to people’s inability to pay for housing. The root cause of unemployment is related to such macro issue that governs the life of the society as growth of population. This level is the first and the root one in answering why there are not enough working places in cities today and why the problem exists. The underlying cause points out what people lack. In this case, the underlying cause of unemployment in today’s society is that growth of population results in growth of working force. Finally, the immediate cause relates directly to people’s lives. More specifically, immediate cause is the fact that there is no need in the increase of working places because of technification of labor, which means that many tasks may be performed by less number of people than it used to be or it takes less time to perform particular tasks. The best and ideal solution to the problem of

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example The paper will also highlight how the organisation has implemented its proposed strategies for the long term sustainability. At the same time, it will also recommend appropriate strategies for the Unilever with the aim of enhancing the competitive advantage in the global market.     Ã‚  As the discussion stresses  unilever is a public limited company, which is operating its business function in the consumer goods market. The organisation was established in the year 1929 in collaboration with Dutch organisation Lever Brothers. The organisation has become globally renowned due to exceptional brand image along with its end number of products. At the same time, Unilever has also gained goodwill from global market place due to its high quality products and services to its consumers throughout the world. Over the years, organisation has been operating its business operations in more than 190 countries. The organisation has also listed its name in the London Stock Exchange in ‘F TSE 100 Index’ constituent. At the same time, the organisation has also committed to ensure its sustainability and maintained competitive advantage in the global market through providing priority to its consumers and their changing demands.  Unilever always keep its focus towards children and farmers for better profitability and operations. Likewise, organisation has also considered healthcare related aspects in order to establish a better future.

Guido of Arezzo A change in Music History Research Paper

Guido of Arezzo A change in Music History - Research Paper Example For a 10 year period from approximately 1015 to the time he left Pompey, there is very little documented reference to his life. (Adduci) He left the Monastery in 1025 because of his undocumented (musical) differences.The church wanted to maintain the oral tradition. They were threatened by innovation. Losing control over the chants would give more power to the people to compose. The church had recognized a sort of power by forbidding any composition other than church composition. After leaving Pompey, he went to Arezzo where he was given a job as teacher in the cathedral and possibly regain his previous job as cantor. He lived there until his death until 1050. During this time he wrote treatises, his famous hand and changed the staff system of notation.Music notation in the 10th century was complicated and not comprehensible to the majority of the catholic monks. It was mostly an oral tradition that was common in most cultures. In the Hebrew Torah, the voice rises and lowers accordin g to a notation that is learned through oral tradition today. The use of lines and dots was common to the Greeks also. The neumes could only be read by a select few. It was highly improbable that the chants of the Northern cathedrals were recognizable by Rome. As they only indicated the direction of the voice, the sound of the chant changed depending on the region of the church. The same chant sung in Northern Europe would not sound the same as it would in Rome. The neumes showed the inflection and descent of the voice.... He lived there until his death until 1050. During this time he wrote treatises, his famous hand and changed the staff system of notation. Music notation in the 10th century was complicated and non comprehensible to the majority of the catholic monks. It was mostly an oral tradition that was common in most cultures. In the Hebrew Torah, the voice rises and lowers according to a notation that is learned through oral tradition today. The use of lines and dots was common to the Greeks also. The neumes could only be read by a select few. It was highly improbable that the chants of the Northern cathedrals were recognizable by Rome. As they only indicated the direction of the voice, the sound of the chant changed depending on the region of the church. The same chant sung in Northern Europe would not sound the same as it would in Rome. The neumes showed the inflection and descent of the voice. The development of early church notation lead towards fewer and fewer monks chanting. As the church grew there were fewer men to pass on the oral tradition. The first illustration shows the lines of the neumes. Guido d'Arrezo A change in Musical History Early notation of pre d'Azzero church chants were signs above the words. The inflection of the voice were indicated by complicated, non standardized notation which had been used for generation upon generation. There are factures which must be taken into consideration as to the difficulty of the form of notation. The chanting was only allowed to be performed by the Church. Each chant was passed from one generation to another. The notation was based on the inflection of the voice not on changes of tone. Church documents were limited due to fewer and

Why are there many homeless people in big cities likeLA Essay

Why are there many homeless people in big cities likeLA - Essay Example Therefore, as a conscious citizen, I am concerned with the issue of the increase of homeless people in big cities, and I believe the improvement of the situation will result in the improvement of life of the entire society as well as the country’s economy. Among the main causes of high rates of homelessness in big cities are the following ones: lack of affordable housing, poverty, and unemployment. For many people who experience the problem of homelessness, the affordable housing crisis is what leaves them without shelter because of high housing costs. In addition to this, in big cities, such as Los Angeles, affordable housing is replaced by upscale and high-cost apartments, in which people with low incomes cannot afford to live. Poverty contributes to high rates of homelessness in LA as well because poor people have no money to pay for housing that takes a great proportion of income. Finally, unemployment, closely connected to poverty, is one of the reasons rates of homelessness increase due to the fact that lack of jobs and falling incomes lead to people’s inability to pay for housing. The root cause of unemployment is related to such macro issue that governs the life of the society as growth of population. This level is the first and the root one in answering why there are not enough working places in cities today and why the problem exists. The underlying cause points out what people lack. In this case, the underlying cause of unemployment in today’s society is that growth of population results in growth of working force. Finally, the immediate cause relates directly to people’s lives. More specifically, immediate cause is the fact that there is no need in the increase of working places because of technification of labor, which means that many tasks may be performed by less number of people than it used to be or it takes less time to perform particular tasks. The best and ideal solution to the problem of

Guido of Arezzo A change in Music History Research Paper

Guido of Arezzo A change in Music History - Research Paper Example For a 10 year period from approximately 1015 to the time he left Pompey, there is very little documented reference to his life. (Adduci) He left the Monastery in 1025 because of his undocumented (musical) differences.The church wanted to maintain the oral tradition. They were threatened by innovation. Losing control over the chants would give more power to the people to compose. The church had recognized a sort of power by forbidding any composition other than church composition. After leaving Pompey, he went to Arezzo where he was given a job as teacher in the cathedral and possibly regain his previous job as cantor. He lived there until his death until 1050. During this time he wrote treatises, his famous hand and changed the staff system of notation.Music notation in the 10th century was complicated and not comprehensible to the majority of the catholic monks. It was mostly an oral tradition that was common in most cultures. In the Hebrew Torah, the voice rises and lowers accordin g to a notation that is learned through oral tradition today. The use of lines and dots was common to the Greeks also. The neumes could only be read by a select few. It was highly improbable that the chants of the Northern cathedrals were recognizable by Rome. As they only indicated the direction of the voice, the sound of the chant changed depending on the region of the church. The same chant sung in Northern Europe would not sound the same as it would in Rome. The neumes showed the inflection and descent of the voice.... He lived there until his death until 1050. During this time he wrote treatises, his famous hand and changed the staff system of notation. Music notation in the 10th century was complicated and non comprehensible to the majority of the catholic monks. It was mostly an oral tradition that was common in most cultures. In the Hebrew Torah, the voice rises and lowers according to a notation that is learned through oral tradition today. The use of lines and dots was common to the Greeks also. The neumes could only be read by a select few. It was highly improbable that the chants of the Northern cathedrals were recognizable by Rome. As they only indicated the direction of the voice, the sound of the chant changed depending on the region of the church. The same chant sung in Northern Europe would not sound the same as it would in Rome. The neumes showed the inflection and descent of the voice. The development of early church notation lead towards fewer and fewer monks chanting. As the church grew there were fewer men to pass on the oral tradition. The first illustration shows the lines of the neumes. Guido d'Arrezo A change in Musical History Early notation of pre d'Azzero church chants were signs above the words. The inflection of the voice were indicated by complicated, non standardized notation which had been used for generation upon generation. There are factures which must be taken into consideration as to the difficulty of the form of notation. The chanting was only allowed to be performed by the Church. Each chant was passed from one generation to another. The notation was based on the inflection of the voice not on changes of tone. Church documents were limited due to fewer and

ICT in Manufacturing Essay Example for Free

ICT in Manufacturing Essay In the face of ever-increasing competition from international market, many labour-intensive manufacturing companies face a stark choice: automation, or evaporate. Here are some of the many ways in which computers are used in the manufacturing world. Order entry and processing systems accept and process customer orders. A fully integrated system will also calculate the quantity and cost of materials needed to make the items ordered, produce reports on any shortages of materials in stock that need to be ordered and raise the purchase order. It will then track the progress of the order through the manufacturing process so that customer queries can be answered. Project management software provides management with the information necessary to keep projects within budget and on time. Reports can be produced showing actual costs versus projected costs, and the number of days ahead or behind schedule. Expert systems can be used in a multitude of ways from calculating the cost of a new multi-storey office block to detecting when a batch of beer is ready for the next stage of the brewing process. Bass the brewers has built a machine that can perform the daunting task of smelling beer and deciding if its up to snuff. The technology that makes this possible is neural computing, the revolutionary process that mimics the way the human brain works. The artificial nose makes a complex series of judgements based on the electrochemical stimuli received by its gas sensors, and could save the brewers a fortune. By detecting an over-active yeast or a weak crop of hops at an early stage in the fermentation process, the nose could save us having to throw away a whole batch 345,600 pints of beer, explained Ian Morris of Bass. It is not just brewers who are interested in the artificial nose. Manufacturers of instant coffee, perfume and other aromatic products are spending huge sums, in co-operation with researchers at several universities, to build a better-than-human olfactory sensor. Source: Garth Alexander, The Sunday Times 19 September 1993. CAD systems allow designers and engineers to create designs on screen for thousands of products ranging from the tiniest computer chip to bridges, buildings and aeroplanes. The software allows users to create 3-dimensional solid models with physical characters like volume, weight and centre of gravity. The models can be rotated and viewed from any angle, edited and sorted. The computer can perform calculations to evaluate its performance under different stresses, or crash-test a new design of a car before it is even manufactured. Animation software can be used to enable a viewer to Walk through a 3-D model of say, a building that exists only in the computers memory. Precimax was founded in 1988 and has grown to a 30-employee company with an anticipated turnover in 1997 of i 1. 4 million. It offers a full manufacturing service from initial design through to supply of fully finished components and assembles. Production is predominantly on CNC (computer numeric control) turning and machining centres, and programs can be created from customers drawings or directly from CAD via modem or disk. Batches range from one-off up to 5,000, but are more typically in the 50 to 500 brackets. In size, turned components measure up to 250mm diameter. Precimax is a major supplier of components for train braking and door systems and is currently producing parts for use in the platform edge doors for London Undergrounds Jubilee Line extension. It also has a contract with a postal equipment manufacturer for monthly deliveries of rollers and other parts for letter-sorting machines. Precimax uses Datatrack for Windows for keeping track of its annual 3,000 orders. The system includes estimating and quoting sales order processing, purchasing, job costing and delivery. The commercial director commented, A system to handle this level of business is essential. Without it, we would be lost. It enables us to control cost and better understand our customers and manufacture. It gives us accurate information, so we can communicate with our customers on cost and deliveries quickly and with confidence.

Communication in a Global Village

Communication in a Global Village Internet has changed this world into the Global village. Communication is the only way to survive. There are several ways and channels to communicate each other. Nowadays, we are communicating with each other through different mediums like text messages, voice and video calls etc. Chatting is one of them. Understanding the moods each other can be a strong tool for better relationships. We often start chatting without knowing mood of our opponent and may get unpredictable responses. To avoid this we can start a topic according to the mood. To overcome this issue, a simple technique is proposed in this study. This study is undertaken to create an effective environment by chatting; where chatting is done through voice, the voice will be converted into text then applying simple techniques of data mining with Naà ¯ve Bayes, the emotions of the opponent will be sensed. INTRODUCTION Chatting through text is common today; we may not be able to judge other persons current mood and we might start such a topic which does not suits other persons mood. This paper presents an approach to emotion estimation that assesses the content from textual messages. In this paper, the emotion estimation module is applied to text messages produced by a chat system and text messages coming from the voice-recognition system. Our objective is to adapt a multimedia presentation by detecting emotions contained in the textual information through thematic analysis; we can determine how to communicate with fellow. The estimation of emotions or identification of personalities in chat rooms has several advantages mainly guarding the chatters from conflicting personalities and matching people of similar interests. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Related Work Lot of work has been done for identification of emotions from text. Approaches that exist can be categorized [1] into non-verbal, semantic and symbolic. Textual chat messages are automatically converted into speech and then instance vectors are generated from frequency counts of speech phonemes present in each message. In combination with other statistically derived attributes, the instance vectors are used in various machine-learning frameworks to build classifiers for emotional content.[1]. Anjo Anjewierden, Bas Koll ¨offel, and Casper Hulshof [4] derived two models for classifying chat messages using data mining techniques and tested these on an actual data set. The reliability of the classification of chat messages is established by comparing the models performance to that of humans. 2.2 Java Speech API Java Speech API [7] contains speech synthesis and speech recognition. Speech Recognition technology works by converting audio input containing speech into text. It has several phases through which speech is converted into text with some accuracy. Also some third party API is also available on the basis of Java Speech API. 2.3 Bayesian Network Classification is a basic task in data analysis and pattern recognition that requires the construction of a classifier, that is, a function that assigns a class label to instances described by a set of attributes. The induction of classifiers from data sets of pre classified instances is a central problem in machine learning. Numerous approaches to this problem are based on various functional representations such as decision trees, decision lists, neural networks, decision graphs, and rules [5]. 3. Chat Emotion Mapper: CHATEM 3.1 Approach The current approach will first convert voice into text. Early speech recognition systems tried to apply a set of grammatical and syntactical rules speech. If the words spoken fit into a certain set of rules, the program could determine what the words were. However, human language has numerous exceptions to its own rules, even when its spoken consistently. In [6] facial expressions are used to communicate emotions. Todays speech recognition systems use powerful and complicated statistical modeling systems. These systems use probability and mathematical functions to determine the most likely outcome. The two models that dominate the field today are the Hidden Markov Model and neural networks. These methods involve complex mathematical functions, but essentially, they take the information known to the system to figure out the information hidden from it. The Hidden Markov Model is the most common, so well take a closer look at that process. During this process, the program assigns a probability score to each phoneme, based on its built-in dictionary and user training. There is some art into how one selects, compiles and prepares this training data for digestion by the system and how the system models are tuned to a particular application. 3.2 Processes 3.2.1 Parsing Phase The first stage after receiving an input sentence is to create a parse tree using the Stanford Parser. The parser works out the grammatical structure of sentences, for instance: which groups of words go together as phrases and which word is the subject or the object of a verb. We also analyze it in order to find if there is a negation. 3.2.2 Emotion Extraction Phase At this phase we assign every word with an object that will hold the following information: array of emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and disgust), negation information, the dominant emotion of the word and the word itself. Once weve established the POS type for each word in the sentence, we proceed by extracting the possible senses hidden behind each word using [3] Jwordnet ( JWordNet is a large lexical database of English) In this database, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms called synsets, each expressing a distinct concept. Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual-semantic and lexical relations, resulting in the formation of a network of meaningfully related words and concepts to construct a mapping between synset offsets from WordNet, and one of the possible emotion types. In order to do that, we needed to choose base words that will represent each of the emotion types. At the end of this stage we now know wh ich of the synsets has an emotional value as described above, allowing us to update the emotion array of the object holding the word being analyzed, and eventually assign a word with its most probable emotional sense out of the possible emotional senses available. 3.2.3 Negation Detection The intuitive way to deal with negation is to emphasis the counter emotion of the emotion found as most dominant in the word. For example Happy and Sad, the negation will turn a word marked with emotional value Happy, to be marked with emotional value Sad and vice versa. 3.2.4 Sentence Tagging The method we use to deal with multi-emotional sentence is: When we reach a word with an emotional value, we open an appropriate tag and close this tag either when we reach a word with a different emotional value, or at the end of the sentence. In case we reached a word with a different emotional value, we open a new emotion tag and in case that the emotional value is similar to the previous one, we continue on to the rest of the sentence. Discussion and Conclusion Above mentioned technique was repeatedly applied to different group of users, we come to know that, Java Speech API was not accurate 100% and there was limitation and initially results were not appealing, but it performed well on chatting done using text messages. Future Research Work In our future work, we plan to improve the Emotion Estimation module, e.g. by integrating the recorded user (client) information into the analysis of emotions. According to [2], past emotional states could be important parameters for deciding the affective meaning of the users current message. Some analysis of voice features like pitch, frequency and tone can help us to identify emotions and mode of user.

Comparing Mores Utopia and Our Modern Dystopia :: comparison compare contrast essays

Thomas More was born in London in 1478. He studied at Oxford where he took a profound love of classical literature. In Utopia, More shows his own skills in humanism. In this story, modeled after Plato's Republic, More examines his culture against a hypothetical culture he invents. His Utopia varies greatly from both his society and our society today. Four ways Utopia differs from our society are social system, attitude towards jewelry, marriage customs, and religion. First, the people of More's Utopia have a complex communism compared to our modern neo-fascist culture. In Utopia, the government owns the business world. The government forces men to work the land in two-year stints. In modern society, the government does not own the economy but it does control the economy. The government does not make men be farmers but it does tell farmers how much to grow. Furthermore, it penalizes those who disobey its command. Second, Utopians treat precious metals and jewels radically different than modern society. Today people adorn all sorts of jewelry to beautify themselves or attract attention to them. These precious metals are golden calves to many people. People today are like the Anemolian ambassadors, they strut their fine jewels because they are "more proud than wise, they decide, they decide to dress as splendidly as the very gods." Third, the Utopian attitude towards money differs from modern society. The Utopians highly prize virginity. The government forbids marriage for life those who commit premarital intercourse. Yet the percentage of people marrying without premarital intercourse in our society is minute. In most cases, the couple has a long-standing sexual relationship. Fourth, the religion of the Utopians is much like modern religion with one major exception. The religious beliefs of both societies are pluralistic. Utopia allows all religion except our most dominant religion: secular humanism (i.e. "atheism"). A man, who believes blind chance not divine providence, determines actions, is less than a man. In our culture of neo-Darwinism and "man is pure matter," everything is by chance.

I Thought Youd Never Ask! :: Creative Writing Essays

The first day back to school for the new year, Bob noticed a new girl in the class. He stared at her for 15 minutes straight, and quickly fell deep in love with her. The teacher introduced the new student as Jennifer. Now Bob knew her name. He deceded to introduce himself to her the next day. The next morning, as Bob was walking down the hall, he noticed Jennifer struggling to open her locker. In the struggle she dropped all her books. Bob took this oppertunity and hurried over to pick up her books for her. "Hi", said Bob after he had finished picking up the books. "My name is Bob," he said with a smile. "Hi," Jennifer said shyly. "Thanks for helping me with my books." "No Problem," Bob replied. "Well, I'm gonna be late for class, so, I'll see you around!" Bob walked down the hall towards his class. "Why didn't I say something else!?" he asked himself. "Well, theres always a second chance, I'll have to do it then." The next day, Bob got his second chance. At lunch, he saw Jennifer sitting alone at table looking lonely. He decided to go over and sit down beside her. "Hi Jennifer," he said, trying to be freindly. "Whats up?" "Well nothing much really. I'm having trouble making friends here." "I know, its tough isn't it," he replied, trying to comfort her. "I just moved here 3 years ago myself. After a few weeks you'll have lots of freinds though." "Thats good," she replied as she looked up at Bob into his eyes.

Crisis Management Communication Plan Essay

Create a 750- to 1,050-word crisis management communication plan for a health care organization or health care setting with which you are familiar. Include the following in your plan:  · An explanation of how communication dynamics may differ in times of crisis, mass trauma, or disaster  · Three ways to reduce stress during a crisis  · Three ways to resolve potential communication challenges Cite at least two peer-reviewed references supporting the strategies used in your communication plan. College life is much different than life at home. Your parents aren’t there to help whenever you need them and you’ll be entrusted with far more responsibility than you’re used to. Make sure you stay organized and manage your time wisely or you’ll find yourself drowning in your new found responsibilities. There is HCS 350 Week 5 Crisis Management Communication Plan in this pack. General Questions – General General Questions Resource: Assignment Grading Criteria: Crisis Management Plan Create a 750- to 1,050-word crisis management communication plan for a health care organization or health care setting with which you are familiar. Include the following in your plan:  · An explanation of how communication dynamics may differ in times of crisis, mass trauma, or disaster  · Three ways to reduce stress during a crisis  · Three ways to resolve potential communication challenges Cite at least two peer-reviewed references supporting the strategies used in your communication plan. College life is much different than life at home. Your parents aren’t there to help whenever you need them and †¦ Search for more tutorials here – https://bitly.com/12CbKhM College life is much different than life at home. Your parents aren’t there to help whenever you need them and you’ll be entrusted with far more responsibility than you’re used to. Make sure you stay organized and manage your time wisely or you’ll find yourself drowning in your new found responsibilities. General Questions – General General Questions Resource: Assignment Grading Criteria: Crisis Management Plan Create a 750- to 1,050-word crisis management communication plan for a health care organization or health care setting with which you are familiar. Include the following in your plan:  · An explanation of how communication dynamics may differ in times of crisis, mass trauma, or disaster  · Three ways to reduce stress during a crisis  · Three ways to resolve potential communication challenges Cite at least two peer-reviewed references supporting the strategies used in your communication plan.

Frankenstein and Terror Essay

A classic gothic novel emphasises fear and terror. It has the presence of the supernatural, the placements of events within a distant time and an unfamiliar and mysterious setting. Romantic writer Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein conforms to these conventional ‘classic’ Gothic traits as well as to the modern conceptions of what is considered as Gothic. Shelley’s Frankenstein is host to a range of significant gothic elements, evident through Victor’s creation of the gigantic creature, the dark setting of the novel, set in places of gloom and horror, and the disempowered portrayal of females, in which women are threatened by the tyranny of males and are often in distress. Omens and visions are also evident in the novel, further enhancing the Gothicism found in the novel. Frankenstein is defined as a Gothic novel through the many Gothic aspects it features. The connections, and relevance it has to today’s modern society and the lessons that can be learned from it, is what classifies it as being classic. Shelley uses the supernatural elements of raising the dead to frighten her readers. Through the eyes of Victor the monster is repulsive and altogether unnatural, shocking the reader out of reality, â€Å"I suddenly beheld the figure of a man, at some distance, advancing toward me with superhuman speed.† At a time of great scientific advancement this would have been a topical story that pushed the boundaries, presenting readers with a truly shocking idea removed from reality, but remotely possible. Not only is this topic unknown and mysterious, it is presented in such a frightening way that terror consumes the reader. Victor’s decision to stop making a female monster is driven by fear that â€Å"a race of devils would be propagated upon the earth who might make the very existence of the species of man a condition precarious and full of terror† and this is the very feeling that has already been sparked in the reader during the creation of the first monster. It could be argued that the â€Å"gothic novel is primarily concerned with producing a physiological reaction, a story that chills the spine and curdles the blood†. Victor himself experiences this bodily reaction induced by fear – â€Å"Sometimes my pulse beat so quickly and hardly that I felt the palpitation of every artery.† In this respect, Shelley’s novel clearly meets the criteria of the gothic traditions. These traditions are enhanced by the feeling of suspense that runs through Frankenstein, particularly from the moment the monster threatens Victor with the words, â€Å"I will be with you on your wedding-night,† a phrase that remains with the reader through the novel from the moment it is spoken. Furthermore, nature in the gothic novel is presented as sublime. This is evident in Victor’s journey to the mountains to revive his spirits and the monster’s joy when spring arrives. Nature is often used combined with darkness to construct a feeling of foreboding or evil. This is the case as Victor creates the monster, an attempt that forces him to avoid daylight and lead a solitary life, â€Å"the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places.† As the novel progresses we would not expect life to be â€Å"injected† into the monster on any other night but a â€Å"dreary night in November.† Evidently, through multiple narratives, Shelley forces us to question our sympathy. We are told the story of Frankenstein through Walton, who in turn tells the story of the monster. However, it is not until halfway through the novel that we are subject to the monster’s narrative and by this time we have already been influenced by Victor’s biased account of events. Consequently, we become aware of the complex nature of truth and the power of our own subjectivity. The supernatural becomes closer to natural than we may have first imagined. Although we are terrorised in true gothic manner, we are simultaneously forced to question the source of this terror. However a realist understanding of supernatural events can be identified in the reaction of the magistrate as Victor explains his story to, â€Å"He had heard my story with that half kind of belief that is given to a tale of spirits and supernatural events.† Fundamentally, in the case of Justine and Elizabeth, both women conform to the Gothic aspects of women being in distress. As the result of Justine being wrongly accused of the murder of William, her existence is threatened as she faces death if found guilty. Justine is eventually executed ultimately because of Victor’s selfishness. He created the creature, left it to do what it did and couldn’t come in Justine’s defence when she was on trial. The trial not only caused distress to Justine, but to Elizabeth also. Both women experienced emotional distress, with Elizabeth also pleading in tears to the judges. The act of creating the creature and Victor’s inability to realise the vulnerability of others around him from the creature’s attack also resulted in the violent death of Elizabeth on her wedding night. Nonetheless the act of creating the creature and the ideas behind it is in itself Gothic. In the pursuit of creating life, Victor was â€Å"animated by an almost supernatural enthusiasm† to observe the â€Å"corruption of the human body† and examining the nature of death. He worked with objects that are viewed as revolting and spent days and nights in churchyards, charnel houses and vaults, collecting remains of dead bodies, in places of dark and ghostly atmosphere, emphasising the fear and terror held within society of the time, ultimately labelling Shelley’s text as a Gothic novel.